The Measurement of Intelligence through IQ Tests Essay -- Intelligence

The Measurement of Intelligence through IQ Tests Can intelligence be measured? Does an IQ test actually measure a persons intelligence? Does a high score indicate a sense datum? Does a low score indicate stupidity or merely ignorance? These questions have been asked over and over again by psychiatrists and scientists alike, but to date there be no clear resolutenesss. These questions cannot be exerciseed without first defining what is meant by the term intelligence. Once intelligence has been defined then it should be easy to answer these questions however, ternary definitions of the word tend to lead to further confusion.In a 1921 symposium entitled Intelligence and Its Measurement, psychiatrists were asked to define intelligence and their answers varied greatly. One exposit intelligence as equivalent to the capacity to learn. Other definitions included the ability to adapt adequately to relatively new situations, the capacity to learn or boodle from experience, an d the experience that an individual possesses. And one stated that there was no simple definition to the word because intelligence involves two factors- the capacity for knowledge and knowledge possessed (Sternberg & Detterman, 1986, p.39-40). Dictionaries add still more definitions Funk & Wagnalls defines intelligence as The faculty of perceiving and comprehending meaning mental quickness active intellect understanding , while Websters defines it as the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations the skilled use of reason. date some of these definitions are similar, none of them are exactly the same.The definition of intelligence becomes even more complicated when one considers the work of Howard Gardner. Gardner claims that intelligence can not be defined with one definition because intelligence is not one thing. Gardner purports that there are eight different categories of intelligence musical, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguist ic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. He is currently considering adding a ninth category of intelligence existential (Carvin).Gardner believes that all people excel in at least one category of intelligence. However, he cautions teachers using the multiple intelligence approach in the classroom Do not label kids as spatial, but not linguistic or, for that... ... when they arrive the store is out of bread. The children are then asked what they would do with points only being scored for the answer of going to other store however, for children living in large urban ghetto areas the most popular answer has traditionally been to go home. Researchers argue that, considering the environment that these children live in, going home would be a much more intelligent decision than attempting to go to another store (Lawler, 1978, p.34). Can intelligence be measured? Does an IQ test actually measure a persons intelligence? The answers all weigh on who you ask. Bi bliographyReferencesBlock, N. & Dworkin, G. (1976). The iq controversy. untested York Random House.Carvin, A. EdWeb Exploring technology and school reform. On-Line. Available http//edweb.gsn.org/edref.mi.intro.htmlDurie, R. The building tool room an interview with Howard Gardner. On-Line. Available http//www.newhorizons.org/trm_gardner.htmlLawler, J. (1978). Iq, heritability, and racism. New York International Publishers.Sternberg, R. & Detterman, D. (1986). What is intelligence. New Jersey Ablex Publishing Corporation.

The Impact of the World Trade Center Attacks on New York Citys Economy :: Economics

The Impact of the World exchange Center Attacks on new York Citys Economy A study by the New York City Partnership and the Chamber of Commerce estimates that New York Citys economy will sustain a gross loss of near $83 zillion and lose 57,000 jobs over three years as a result of the World Trade Center attacks. The study, which was released Nov. 15, said even later on payment of insurance claims and federal reimbursement for rescue, cleanup and infrastructure repair costs, the net damage to the economy is likely to be at least $16 billion in lost economic output. If third-party reimbursement is delayed or inadequate, or if New York lags behind the nation in recovery from the national recession, the loss could be farther greater. The report estimates that 125,000 jobs would be lost in the fourth quarter of this year as a direct result of the attack. While many of these jobs will return, New York City will still have a net loss of approximately 57,000 jobs attri butable to the attack at the end of 2003, the partnership said in the report. The NYCP brought together a group of consultants and economists to help tally and evaluate how the attacks of Sept. 11 would impact the main drivers of the citys economy, especially the financial services industry. Consultancies including A.T. Kearney, Bain & Company, Booz Allen Hamilton, KPMG, McKinsey & Company, Boston Consulting Group and PwC Consulting worked on the report. The group in turn worked with state agencies as well as the Federal Reserve Bank to cull economic data and provide assesssments of 14 separate private industry sectors. Not surprisingly, the study showed that lower Manhattan absorbed the greatest damage. In addition to the thousands of lives that were lost in the destruction of the World Trade Center, the downtown region lost 100,000 jobs along with close to 30 percent of office space in the wake of the attack. This puts at risk many of the 270,000 jobs that argo n still located in the area south of Chambers Street. The financial services industry, which generates 24 percent of the citys $440 billion annual economic output and 14 percent of the citys tax revenue, was by the far the most impacted in the short term.

The Handmaid’s Tale Freedom To and Freedom From :: English Literature

The servants Tale Freedom To and Freedom FromIn the time before, Gilead had become a place where women were notsaved. Gilead was very unsafe and percussions had to be taken.For example women were told not to open their door to a stranger evenif they said it was the police (IDs had to be slid underneath thedoor), they were told not to stop and help a motorist pretending tobe in trouble and not to go into a laundromat at night, alone.This shows that the gild of Gilead as a whole had become verycautious. This also proves that in some sense Gilead was in dangerfrom its security.From these facts alone it is understandable to see wherefore Gilead chose toenforce a new regime.It may have been thought that in doing so everyone would benefit forma safer society. This much is true. In some sense, women especially,as Aunt Lydia said have been given freedom from. Freedom from allthe bad aspects from the time before. Women no longer had to be afraidfor their safety, rape was no more and they were free to walk thestreets without being hassled, as they were now protected by theeyes that watched over them.In doing so however their freedom to, had been taken away from them.In the days of the anarchy says Aunt Lydia it was freedom to dowhat as one pleased, now in Gilead, this kind of freedom was no more.They werent allowed any form of independence. Jobs were taken away,money confiscate and so forth.Depending on which perspective you look at it from, different peoplehave benefited from the change in freedoms.In Gilead now, there is a hierarchy of structure. Everyone has adefined role to play in society they know their place and wouldntquestion it.At the top of the hierarchy are the commanders, right at the bottomare the handmaids, and the others such as a the commanders wives,Marthas, and guards fall in place somewhere in between the two.Looking at the hierarchy, it is obvious to see that it is thecommanders who benefits from Gileads freedom. They hold the moststatus within t he society. It is this status which segregates thecommanders from others in this society, especially from theHandmaids.Whereas the commanders have the power to do as they please when theyplease, the Handmaids lives are ran by various rules and regulationsthat they are forced to keep to. They are not given the freedom to doas they like. They are put into place to perform a service and it is

Statement of Educational Philosophy Essay examples -- Philosophy of Ed

Statement of Educational Philosophy What is a adult maleitarian? Websters Dictionary defines it as one who practices philanthropy an effort to promote human welfare. As a child, I of all time knew I wanted to compel a humanitarian. I have always loved to help people, which I viewed as a very special gift granted from God. However, it never occurred to me that becoming a teacher would be the best way to share my gift. I always looked at health care options and even exceeded in the nursing program. However, it did not fulfill my dreams and standards of becoming a humanitarian. I wanted to enlighten people and bewilder a difference in society. After starting the nursing program and working in the hospital, I knew it was not what I wanted to proceed with in my life. I needed a different way to make a difference. Patients were scared and sick which lead to unhappiness in my life. I reckoned my soul for the get along and it did not take me long to fin d it. I decided to become a teacher. It feels like the perfect way to express myself in society, and to contribute to mankind. I can think of umteen times when my teachers made an impact on my life. I want to be that teacher the teacher that my former students can search the past and remember something inspirational that I said. I hope that something I said can help them in the real world. I want to become an elementary teacher at a local school. After I teach a few years, I plan to take classes in archeozoic education and work towards my masters degree. I also want to be active in extracurricular activities in the school. I think that sports and other activities are substantive in a childs life. I believe that children who participate in such g... .... By giving students choices and listening to their opinions, they forget feel less intimidated and victimized. My students will have responsibilities, when students are empowered they are less likely to ven t rage. As a teacher, you must eliminate problems before they even start, you must permit your students know who the boss is, and then become their friend. My educational philosophy is one of many. I believe in progressivism and many views of my own. I have adopted many of my viewpoints from my teachers of the past. The teachers that have made an impact on my life are the teachers that I want to become. Through the years, I have seen what students appreciate. I know what teachers I prise and what philosophies they used. I will become that teacher the teacher that I thought was too hard on me. The one I now go patronize to and say thank you.

Free Nature vs. Nurture Essay :: Nature Nurture Biology Socialization Essays

The Nature vs. Nurture DebateBeing yourself, being who you are. When you hear those two lines you may think they mean the same thing still do they? Think about it, you were born into this world a tiny little baby with no ideas, or preferences, precisely as you grew you developed a personal identity, but did it really develop or was it in you to begin with. Such questions are what leads to the great debate of nature vs nurture. If you believe you were born already with a personality, then you take the side of nature. on the other hand if you believe that your personality developed based on influences in your life commence when you were a child then you believe in nurture. Two totally different theories, both which are believed to make us who we are.Nature, the more scientific possibleness of the two, is the belief that hereditary traits found in our genes make us who we are, believable but not very convincing when we consider the theory of nurture. Human beings produce new things everyday, as soon as we come in to the world, our learning process begins. As a newborn baby, we slowly learn and adapt in order to survive in a new environment which is unlike that of our mothers wombs, our first environment in which we first grew, adapted to and developed in. The home environment parents and siblings play a huge role in determining personality. Influences from outside the family are also very important to the development of ones personality. But everything starts at home. ane cant enjoy snowboarding or claim to like it, until one tries it, without the experience its impossible to say you enjoyed it. Correct? Or do you think its already embedded in youre genes that youll like snowboarding. Unlikely right? Exactly, experiences and influences are what make us who we are. On the other hand think about it, what if you went snowboarding for the first time and broke your artillery deciding then that you hated snowboarding. Well then it couldnt have been embedded in yo ur genes that youd like it.Scientists make a good point about genes but I believe physical aspects come by genetics, but that personality development is shaped based solely on how a person has been nurtured through their lives. All children are bad at one time in their lives consider this, a 4 year old girl throws a account book at her brother, and is punished she is put in the corner.

Free Nature vs. Nurture Essay :: Nature Nurture Biology Socialization Essays

The Nature vs. Nurture DebateBeing yourself, being who you are. When you hear those two lines you may think they mean the same thing but do they? Think about it, you were born into this world a tiny little baby with no ideas, or preferences, but as you grew you developed a in-person identity, but did it really develop or was it in you to begin with. Such questions are what leads to the great debate of nature vs nurture. If you believe you were born already with a personality, then you take the side of nature. on the other hand if you believe that your personality developed based on influences in your life beginning when you were a child then you believe in nurture. Two totally different theories, both which are believed to make us who we are.Nature, the more scientific theory of the two, is the sentiment that hereditary traits found in our genes make us who we are, believable but not very convincing when we consider the theory of nurture. Human beings learn bracing things everyday , as soon as we come in to the world, our learning process begins. As a newborn baby, we slowly learn and adapt in vow to survive in a new environment which is un analogous that of our mothers wombs, our first environment in which we first grew, adapted to and developed in. The home environment parents and siblings contact a huge role in determining personality. Influences from outside the family are also very important to the development of ones personality. But everything starts at home.One cant enthral snowboarding or claim to like it, until one tries it, without the experience its impossible to say you enjoyed it. Correct? Or do you think its already embedded in youre genes that youll like snowboarding. Unlikely right? Exactly, experiences and influences are what make us who we are. On the other hand think about it, what if you went snowboarding for the first time and broke your arm decision making then that you hated snowboarding. Well then it couldnt have been embedded in your genes that youd like it.Scientists make a good point about genes but I believe physical aspects come through genetics, but that personality development is shaped based solely on how a person has been nurtured through their lives. every children are bad at one time in their lives consider this, a 4 year old girl throws a book at her brother, and is punished she is put in the corner.

Globalisation and Cross Cultural Management

Globalization and cross cultural management Case globalization of health c be- dearth of radiologists in the US and demand is twice as large as the rate of graduation. Solution is to send Images over the internet to be interpreted by radiologists in India? In 2004 170,000 triggers visited India for medical work onments and is expected to grow at 15% for the next several years Globalization The shift toward a much merged and interdependent world economy. Globalization of markets the merging of distinctly separate national markets into a global market place.This includes falling barriers to cross border trade (which provoke made It easier to sell Internationally), the convergence of global tastes and preferences and the development of standardized products suited to a world market. Difficulties with the globalization of markets generally arise from significant digressions among these national markets, clownish specific marketing strategies and varied product mixes. Globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the world to take advantage of differences In the cost or gauge of the factors of production (land, labor, capital).Increasingly companies are taking advantage of modern communications technology, and particularly the Internet, to outsource service activities to low cost producers in other nations. Outsourcing of productive activities to difference suppliers results in the creation of products that are global in nature. Impediments to the globalization tot production include formal and informal barriers to trade, barriers to FED, transportation costs. Issues associated with economic risk and Issues associated with semipolitical risk. Drivers of globalization Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization.These Include- * decline In barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital that has occurred since ne twainrk * technical change Declining trade and Investment ba rriers During the sasss and ass, many of the nation states of the world erected formidable barriers to international trade and FED. Advanced industrial nations of the west committed themselves after WWW to removing barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital mingled with nations. Technology Lowering of trade barriers made globalization possible technology has made it a genuinely TTY.Since the end tot 2 the world NAS seen advances in miscommunication, information processing and transportation technology. Advantages of globalization * Lower prices for goods and services * economic growth stimulation * sum up in consumer income * creates Jobs * countries specialist in production of goods and services that are produced most efficiently Disadvantages of globalization * Destroys manufacturing Jobs in wealthy, advanced countries * Wage rates of unskilled workers in advanced countries declines * companies move to countries with fewer labor and environment regulations * loss of sovereignty What is culture? Culture is coherent (each fragment of a culture makes sense if you immediately the whole tapestry of culture), Culture is learned (families, friends, media), Culture is the view of a stem of large number (nation, religion, clan, family), culture ranks what is important (values) and culture furnishes attitudes and dictates behavior. There are two main elements of culture. These include on stage or visible elements of culture and back stage or invisible elements of culture. Transactional culture is the culture that develops when cultures meet and take a crap to collaborate (I. E an NC).Model of culture Artifacts and Products Explicit Onstage-culture Norms and Values Off-stage culture Basic Assumptions Implicit Off stage culture includes aspects such as the Susie culture where we go through everybody a fair go, and the Chinese culture where they have the importance of Guiana in society and not losing face, or in Thai culture where there is a noble respect for superiors and harmony/balance. Understanding dimensions and theories of culture part one (Trampers) What is culture? Culture is acquired knowledge that pot use to interpret experience and throw social behavior.This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior. Characteristics tot culture * Learned * Shared * Trans-generational Symbolic * Patterned * Adaptive A model of culture Understanding culture Cultures do not vary in essence (people spend their time trying to solve similar problems) but in their preference for certain solutions. Egg is how to treat a flu (sickness) in a country. Understanding culture is to understand the underlying meanings attached by a given community/ assort of people to those universal concepts and activities, and to the behaviors they incur.Values in culture Values are learned from the culture from which the individual is reared. Differences in cultural values may result in variable management practices ND involve the basic convictions that people have about right and wrong, good and bad etc. Value similarities and differences across cultures 1 . well-knit relationship between level of managerial success and mortalal values 2. Value patterns predict managerial success and can be used in selection/placement decisions 3. Country differences in relationship between values and success however findings across US, Japan, Australia and India are similar 4.Values of more successful managers favor pragmatic, dynamic, achievement oriented and active role in the interaction with others 5. Values of less successful managers tend toward tactic and inactive values relatively passive roles in interacting with others How culture affects managerial approaches * Decentralized and Centralized decision making In some societies, top managers make all important organizational decisions. In others, these decisions are diffused throughout the enterprise, and middle and lower level managers actively participate in, and make, key decisions. Safety Vs. Risk In some societies, organizational decision makers are risk averse and have great difficulty with conditions of uncertainty. In others, risk taking is encouraged, and decision making under Individual Vs. Group rewards In some countries, uncertainty is common. Personnel who do outstanding work are given individual rewards in the form of bonuses and commissions. In others, cultural norms require group rewards, and individual rewards are frowned upon. * Informal procedures Vs. formal procedures In some societies, much is accomplished through informal meaner.In others, formal procedures are set forth and followed rigidly. * mellowed organizational loyalty vs. low organizational loyalty In some societies, people identity very strongly with their organization or employer. In others, people identify with their occupational roof, such as engineer or mechanic. * Cooperation Vs. Competition Some societies encourage cooperation between their people whil e others encourage competition between their people. * Short term Vs. Long term horizons Some cultures focus most heavily on short term horizons, such as short-range goals of moolah and efficiency.Others are more interested in long-range goals, such as market share and technological developments. * Stability Vs. Innovation The culture of some countries encourages stability and resistance to change. The culture of others puts high value on innovation and change. Trampers Cultural Dimensions . Universalism Vs. Particulars Universalism implies that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere. High universalism countries have lots of formal rules and intimately adhere to business contracts (egg Canada, US, HECK).Particulars is where the circumstances dictate how ideas/practices apply high particulars countries often modify contracts (egg China, South Korea) 2. Individualism Vs. Communitarians Individualism focuses on people as individuals. Countries with high individualism stress p ersonal and individual manners- they assume great personal responsibility (egg Canada, Thailand, US, Japan). Communitarians is where people regard themselves as part of a group. They value group related issues, committee decisions and Joint responsibility (egg Malaysia). 3.Neutral Vs. Emotional Neutral is a culture where emotions are not shown and people act stoically and maintain apathy (egg Japan and UK). In emotional, emotions are expressed openly and naturally- people smile a lot, talk loudly and greet catheter with enthusiasm (egg Mexico, Netherlands, Switzerland). 4. particular Vs. Diffuse Specific is defined as a large public space shared with others and their small private space if guarded closely. High specific cultures the people are open and extroverted, with a strong separation between work and personal life (egg UK and US).For diffuse, public and private spaces are similar size, where the public space is guarded because it is shared with the private space people are indirect and introverted with their work/ private life being closely linked (egg China, Spain). 5. Achievement Vs. ascription Achievement oriented is a status based on how well functions are performed (Austria, US). An ascription function is status based on who or what the person is (China, Indonesia). 6. Time Sequential is where here is only one activity at a time, appointments are kept strictly and plans are followed as they are rigid out (US).Synchronous involves multi tasking and making approximate appointments alongside schedules that are subordinate to relationships (egg France, Mexico). Present Vs. Future Future more important in Italy, US Present more important in Venezuela, Indonesia all three time periods equally important in France and Belgium. 7. The Environment Inner directed is where people believe in the ascendance of outcomes (US, Greece, Japan) and outer directed is where people believe in letting things take their own course (China,

IELTS Writing Task Essay

Line interpretTips for Line graphLine graphs always show changes everywhere time. here(predicate)s virtually advice near how to describe them * Try to write 4 paragraphs introduction, summary of main(prenominal) points, 2 detail paragraphs. * For your summary paragraph, look at the vauntingly picture what changes happened to completely of the lines from the beginning to the end of the period shown (i.e. from the starting line year to the last). Is there a trend that all of the lines follow (e.g. an overall increase)? * You dont need to give subdues in your summary paragraph. Numbers argon specific details. Just custodytion general things like overall change, highest and concluding, with pop giving specific computes.* Never describe each line sepa sitely. The examiner wants to see comparisons. * If the graph shows eld, you wont have time to work forcetion all of them. The central years to describe are the first year and the last year. You should likewise mention any special years (e.g. a peak or a significant rise/fall). * Start describing details (paragraph 3) with a comparison of the lines for the first year shown on the graph (e.g. in 1990, the number of). * Use the early(prenominal) simple (increased, fell) for past years, and will or is expected/predicted to for future years. * Dont use the passive (e.g. the number was increased), continuous (e.g. the number was increasing), or everlasting(a) tenses (e.g. the number has increased).Internet Users as percentage of populationThe line graph compares the percentage of race in three countries who used the Internet mingled with 1999 and 2009. It is relieve wizself that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each country over the period shown. Overall, a much larger percentage of Canadians and Americans had rile to the Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.In 1999, the proportion of people using the In ternet in the ground forces was slightly 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the regular army and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, bandage the figure for Mexico reached solely over 25%. By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Al about 100% of Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and and 40% of Mexicans.International migration in UKThe chart gives schooling about UK immigration, emigration and net migration between 1999 and 2008. Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for immigration were significantly higher. Net migration peaked in 2004 and 2007. In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of people who emigrated stood at just under 300,000. The figure for net migration was around 160,000, and it remained at a similar level until 2003.From 1999 to 2004, the immigra tion rate rose by to the highest degree 150,000 people, but there was a much smaller rise in emigration. Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in 2004. After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of people emigrating fluctuated. Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before peaking at about 420,000 people in 2008. As a result, the net migration figure rose to around 240,000 in 2007, but fell back to around 160,000 in 2008. (159)UK red-hot pelting emissionThe graph to a lower localize shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tones, from 4 contrasting sectors between 1990 and 2007.Ive made the following essay into a gap-fill exercise. The line graph compares four sectors in ______ of the heart of acid rain emissions that they produced over a period of 17 years in the UK. It is uncontaminating that the total total of acid rain emissions in the UK ______ ______ between 1990 and 2007. The most ______ decrease was seen in the electrical energ y, gas and pee supply sector. In 1990, around 3.3 million tones of acid rain emissions came from the electricity, gas and pee system sector.The transport and communication sector was ______ for about 0.7 million tones of emissions, while the domestic sector ______ around 0.6 million tones. Just over 2 million tones of acid rain gases came from other industries. Emissions from electricity, gas and body of water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million tones in 2007, a ______ of almost 3 million tones. musical composition acid rain gases from the domestic sector and other industries fell gradually, the transport sector ______ a small increase in emissions, ______ a peak of 1 million tones in 2005. Fill the gaps using these wordsproduced, reaching fell, responsible, motto, considerably, scathe, drop, dramaticWater consumptionThe graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in twain several(predicate) countries.The charts compare the amount of water used for cultivation, industry and homes around the world, and water use in brazil nut and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and that agriculture accounted for the largest proportion of water used. We can also see that water consumption was considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo. In 1900, around 500km of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide.The figures for industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one fifth of that amount. By 2000, global water use for agriculture had increased to around 3000km, industrial water use had risen to just under half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km. In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2 million respectively. Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m, was much higher than that in the Congo, at only 8m, and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times much irrigated land. (184 words, band 9)Car ownershipThe graph below gives information about car ownership in Britain from 1971 to 2007.The graph shows changes in the number of cars ______ rest home in Gr eat Britain ______ a period of 36 years. Overall, car ownership in Britain increased ______ 1971 and 2007. In particular, the number of households with 2 cars rose, while the number of households ______ a car fell. In 1971, ______ half of all British households did not have regular use of a car. Around 44% of households had one car, but only about 7% had cardinal cars. It was uncommon for families to own three or more cars, ______ around 2% of households falling into this course.The one-car household was the most common type from the late 1970s ______, although there was little change in the ______ for this category. The biggest change was seen in the proportion of households without a car, which fell steady over the 36-year period ______ around 25% in 2007. In contrast, the proportion of two-car families rose steadily, reaching about 26% in 2007, and the proportion of households with more than two cars rose ______ around 5%. Fill the gaps in the essay with the following wordsalmost, to, figures, per, between, by, over, with, without, onwardsBar chartMarriages and separatesThe rst bar chart shows changes in the number of marriages and divorces in the USA, and the second chart shows gures for the marital status of American adults in 1970 and 2000. It is clear that there was a fall in the number of marriages in the USA between 1970 and 2000. The majority of adult Americans were married in both years, but the proportion of single adults was higher in 2000.In 1970, there were 2.5 million marriages in the USA and 1 million divorces. The marriage rate remained stable in 1980, but fell to 2 million by the year 2000. In contrast, the divorce rate peaked in 1980, at nearly 1.5 million divorces, before falling back to 1 million at the end of the period. Around 70% of American adults were married in 1970, but this gure dropped to just under 60% by 2000. At the alike time, the proportion of unmarried people and divorcees rose by about 10% in total. The proportion of widowed Americans was slightly lower in 2000. (174)Levels of participationThe charts below show the levels of participation in education and cognizance in exploitation and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.The three bar charts show average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and look for and ontogeny slip awaying in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990. It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990. People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years, with only a slight increase i n years of schooling from 1980 to 1990.On the other hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in developing countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50 billion to only $25 billion. (187 words)Consumer goodThe bar chart compares consumer spending on half dozen different items in Germany, Italy, France and Britain. It is clear that British people spent significantly more money than people in the other three countries on all six goods. Of the six items, consumers spent the most money on photographic film. People in Britain spent just over 170,000 on photographic film, which is the highe st figure shown on the chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just under 150,000) for each of the six products.The figures for spending on toys were the same in both France and Italy, at nearly 160,000. However, while French people spent more than Italians on photographic film and CDs, Italians paid out more for personal stereos, tennis racquets and perfumes. The amount spent by French people on tennis racquets, around 145,000, is the lowest figure shown on the chart. (154 words)House pricesThe bar chart compares the cost of an average house in cinque major cities over a period of 13 years from 1989. We can see that house prices fell overall between 1990 and 1995, but most of the cities saw rising prices between 1996 and 2002. London experienced by far the greatest changes in house prices over the 13-year period. Over the 5 years later on 1989, the cost of average homes in Tokyo and London dropped by around 7%, while novel Yor k house prices went down by 5%. By contrast, prices rose by approximately 2% in both capital of Spain and Frankfurt. Between 1996 and 2002, London house prices jumped to around 12% above the 1989 average. Homebuyers in New York also had to pay significantly more, with prices rising to 5% above the 1989 average, but homes in Tokyo remained cheaper than they were in 1989. The cost of an average home in Madrid rose by a further 2%, while prices in Frankfurt remained stable. (165)TableTips for tableTables seem difficult when they contain a stilt of numbers. Heres some advice * Try to write 4 paragraphs introduction, summary of main points, 2 detail paragraphs. * Before you start writing, highlight some key numbers. Choose the biggest number in each category in the table (i.e. in each column and row). If the table shows years, look for the biggest changes in numbers over the time period. You could also mention the smallest numbers, but you can ignore middle numbers (neither biggest nor smallest). * For your summary paragraph, try to compare whole categories (columns or rows) rather than psyche cells in the table. If you cant compare whole categories, compare the biggest and smallest number. Write 2 sentences for the summary.* In your two details paragraphs, never describe each category (column or row) separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons. Try to organise the numbers you highlighted into 2 groups one for each paragraph (e.g. highest numbers for all categories together, and lowest numbers together). * appoint / compare the numbers you highlighted include at least 3 numbers in each paragraph. * Use the past simple for past years, and will or is expected/predicted to for future years. If no time is shown, use the baffle simple.Rail intercommunicatesThe table below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities.Full essay (band 9)The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities. The table compares t he six networks in terms of their age, surface and the number of people who use them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems. The London underground is the oldest system, having receptive in 1863.It is also the largest system, with 394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the London underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it serves more people per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year. Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126 kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year. (185 words )Poverty proportion in AustraliaThe table below shows the proportion of different categories of families alimentation in beggary in Australia in 1999.The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of household in Australia in the year 1999. It is noticeable that levels of poverty were higher for single people than for couples, and people with children were more likely to be poor than those without. Poverty rates were considerably lower among elderly people. Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged people were the least likely to be poor, with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single old people and aged couples respectively. Just over one fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of parents living with a partner were classed as poor. The same pattern can be seen for people with no children while 19% of single people in this group were living below the poverty line, the figure for couples was much lower, at only 7%. (150 words, band 9)Daily activitiesThe chart below shows average hours and minutes spent by UK males and females on different daily activities.Ive made the following essay into a gap-fill exercise.The table compares the average ______ of time per day that men and women in the UK spend ______ different activities. It is clear that people in the UK spend more time ______ than doing any other daily activity. Also, there are significant balances between the time ______ by men and women on employment/study and housework. On average, men and women in the UK ______ for about 8 hours per day. Leisure ______ ______ the second largest proportion of their time. Men spend 5 hours and 25 minutes doing various leisure activities, such as watching TV or doing sport, ______ women have 4 hours and 53 minutes of leisure time. It is noticeable that men work or study for an average of 79 minutes more than women every day. By contrast, women spend 79 minutes more than men doing house work, and they spend ______ ______ as much time looking after children. Fill the gaps using these words doing, up, over, spent, while, sleeping, sleep, twice, amount, takes Goods consumerThe table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002. Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category 2002The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002. It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table. Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%.The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries. It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%. (155)Pie chartCam7, page 101The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of arouse in two countries over two separate years. Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France. While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel sources used. Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130 out of 170 units in 2000.By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the countrys electricity. Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the amount of electricity produced using this type of power fell from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil, on the other hand, remained a sexual intercoursely important fuel source in France, but its use declined in Australia. Both countries relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000. (170 words)DietFill the gaps with these words constitutes, drops, amount, fifth, higher, make, one, relative, figure, up The pie charts compare the proportion of carbohydrates, protein and fat in three different diets, namely an average diet, a fit diet, and a lusty diet for sport. It is noticeable that sportspeople require a diet comprising a significantly higher proportion of carbohydrates than an average diet or a healthy diet. The average diet contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates but the highest proportion of protein.Carbohydrates ______ ______ 60% of the healthy diet for spo rt. This is 10% ______ than the proportion of carbohydrates in a normal healthy diet, and 20% more than the proportion in an average diet. On the other hand, people who eat an average diet consume a greater ______ ______ of protein (40%) than those who eat a healthy diet (30%) and sportspeople (25%). The third compound shown in the charts is fat. Fat ______ exactly ______ ______ of both the average diet and the healthy diet, but the ______ ______ to only 15% for the healthy sportsdiet.MapVillage of ChorleywoodThe map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994. It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved. Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway. From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads. Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is flat located next to this original village area. The village gre w along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village. The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west on base the railway line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads. (174)GalleryThe first picture shows the layout of an art gallery, and the second shows some proposed changes to the gallery space. It is clear that significant changes will be made in terms of the use of floor space in the gallery. There will be a completely new entrance and more space for armys. At present, visitors see the gallery through doors which lead into a lobby.However, the plan is to move the entrance to the Parkinson Court side of the building, and visitors will walk straight into the exhib ition area. In place of the lobby and office areas, which are shown on the breathing plan, the new gallery plan shows an education area and a small storage area. The permanent exhibition space in the redeveloped gallery will be about twice as large as it is now because it will occupy the area that is now used for temporary exhibitions. There will also be a new room for special exhibitions. This room is shown in red on the existing plan and is not currently part of the gallery. (178 words, band 9)House designThe diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate. The most noticeable difference between houses designed for cool and warm climates is in the shape of the roof. The designs also differ with regard to the windows and the use of insulation. We can see that the cool climate house has a high-angled roof, which allows sunlight to enter through the window. By contrast, the roof of the warm climate house has a peak in the middle and roof overhangs to shade the windows. d etachment and thermal building materials are used in cool climates to reduce heat loss, whereas insulation and reflective materials are used to keep the heat out in warm climates. Finally, the cool climate house has one window which faces the direction of the sun, while the warm climate house has windows on two sides which are shaded from the sun. By opening the two windows at night, the house designed for warm climates can be ventilated. (162 words, band 9)2 proposed supermarketThe map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called Garlsdon. The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the town centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions relative to three smaller towns. Looking at the information in more detail, S 1 is in the countryside to the north west of Garlsdon, but it is remainder to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which surrounds the town centre.There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is a no traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main road to Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon. (171)ProcessTips for process diagramProcess diagrams show how something is done or made. They always show steps/ wooden legs. Heres some advice about how to describe them * Try to write 4 paragraphs introduction, summary of main points, 2 detail paragraphs. * Write the introduction by paraphrasing the question (rewrite it by ever-changing some of the words). * For your summary, first say how many steps there are in the process. Then say w here/how the process begins and ends (look at the first and last stages).* In paragraphs 3 and 4, describe the process step by step. Include the first and last steps that you mentioned in the summary, but try to describe them in more detail or in a different way. * You could describe the steps in one paragraph, but it looks more organised if you break the description into two paragraphs. Just start paragraph 4 somewhere in the middle of the process. * Mention every stage in the process.* Use sequencing language e.g. at the first / second / following / final stage of the process, next, after that, then, finally etc. * Times (e.g. past dates) are not usually shown, so use the present simple tense. * Its usually a good idea to use the passive e.g. At the final stage, the product is delivered to shops (because we dont need to feel who delivered the product).Forecast in AustraliaThe diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up- to-the-minute information on th e survive in order to produce reliable forecasts.The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the weather. There are four stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the weather. This information is then analysed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to the public. Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting weather data and three ways of analysing it. Firstly, incoming information can be collard by satellite and presented for analysis as a satellite photo.The same data can also be passed to a radar station and presented on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Secondly, incoming information may be collected directly by radar and analysed on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Finally, drifting buoys also receive data which can be shown on a synoptic chart. At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers. Finally, it is delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement. (170)Brick manufactutingHere are my 2 main paragraphs describing the steps At the beginning of the process, trunk is take from the ground. The clay is put through a metal grid, and it passes onto a roller where it is mixed with sand and water. After that, the clay can be shaped into bricks in two ways either it is put in a mould, or a wire cutter is used. At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are placed in a drying oven for one to two days. Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature (200 900 degrees Celsius) and then at a high temperature (up to 1300 degrees), before spending two to three days in a cooling chamber. Finally, the finished bricks are packaged and delivered.Water rhythm method of birth controlThe diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.The picture illustrat es the way in which water passes from ocean to radiate to land during the natural process known as the water cycle. Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain, and finally runs back into the oceans again. Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air comes from the oceans.Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour condenses to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled precipitation on the diagram, water falls as rain or snow. At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall into lakes or return to the oceans via surface runoff. Otherwise, rainwater may carry through the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt water intrusion is shown to take place just before groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the cycle. (156 words, band 9)

Interpersonal Communication in a Marriage

My name is Olevia Johnson and I am button to be giving you a niggling advice on how you should communicate with one another in your new marriage. I am going to address the dash you should properly persona interpersonal converse with one another on a healthy daily basis. I want to address in this letter Understand how perceptions, emotions, and sign(a) expression fix interpersonal relationships. Define emotional intelligence and its role in sound interpersonal relationships. Evaluate appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships. Describe strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts.Understand the jar of sexual activity and culture on interpersonal talks. In learning how to understand how perceptions, emotions and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships I ran across this article and it state , Schachner, Dory A. Patterns of Nonverbal Behavior (Fall 2005) Nonverbal behavior and sensitivity to a relationship partners nonverbal messages have importa nt effects on the quality of interpersonal interactions and relationships. The abilities to encode, or express, and to decode, or understand, nonverbal cues are crucial to the communication of emotions (e. g. Ekman, 1988 Siegman & Feldstein, 1987) and are associated with mental health, social adjustment, and relationship satisfaction (e. g. , DePaulo, 1992 Noller, 1985). Encoding and decipher abilities are diverse and quite variable, being affected by social context and interactants social roles (Snodgrass, 1985).They apply to a variety of content domains, including personal dispositions, behaviors, ingrained states, interpersonal intentions, self-presentational strategies, and social relations (Bernieri, 2001). . Emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships. Bridgepoint Education, (2011) para2. 5 Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that bathroom be learned. We can improve our emotional intelligence by increasing our awareness of emotional i ssues and improving our ability to identify, assess, and manage our feelings. Emotional intelligence is something that we social occasion to communicate with others and without it we could not be able to understand what others are saying to us and the emotions that they are using to explain to us what is wrong what is just going on in their lives and the lives around us.When evaluating of levels of self-disclosure a lot of people feel very uncomfortable most certain things they tell a person it could be that they dont trust a person enough to disclose this type of information or they just want to be more toffee-nosed than others. In chapter 7 (Bridgepoint Education, (2011) Para 5. It states that Most of us willingly give people some types of information such as name and the town in which we live. However, would you give someone your street address? Your phone number? A credit card number?The answer to these questions is usually It depends. Decisions about self-disclosure are a good deal based on how well you know the other person, your predictions about how he or she will react to the information, your judgment about why he or she needs to know the information, and your assumptions about what he or she will do with the knowledge. In other words, you must know someone well enough or be comfortable enough with him or her to be able to predict how the listener will respond. You must trust the other person not to lock advantage of the information you make out.We do not disclose to everyone we know in the same way. You may have some information you are willing to share with everyone, some information you would be willing to share with a close friend, some information you would share only with your spo recitation or significant other, and nevertheless other information that you might share with a close friend but might not tell your family. John and heather these things that you should think about when you are discussing your love life among others these thi ngs can harm a marriage , especially the beginning .Now I would like to discuss strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts, it has of all time been important to manage the way the relationship of you and another person communicates. You can do this by addressing a problem in the relationship early on. In chapter 9(Bridgepoint Education, (2011) Para 5 it states that you can do this by Your knowledge of the other person and how he or she might react to such displays should govern whether you use any of these methods. Remembering the positive things about your relationship when you are in conflict can often allow you to work out differences and have a utually satisfying resolution that preserves a happy relationship. You can also often prevent conflict by using the other interpersonal communication skills discussed in this text and increasing your awareness of your own communication behaviors. Are you unconsciously creating potential conflict situations through your use of threate ning language? Is your nonverbal behavior at times domineering or overbearing? Do you get overly emotional during conflict situations?Paying attention and modifying your behavior, checking your perceptions with other people, practicing effective listening skills, and using the skills of emotional intelligence can all be useful means of preventing or diminishing conflict. Also, resist the temptation to judge others when they do not communicate as well as you would like and try to be tolerant and accepting of the behavior of others when they explain things in more situation than you need, they talk too slowly, or they ramble. These are key things to remember whenever you and your mate or having a bad day I might say , or something did not go right for the other one.I want you guys to understand the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communications. In the Journal of kindly psychology it states that the research on gender differences is quite extensive (Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall, 1989 Hayduk, 1983). Observed differences between males and females typically are attributed to the more affiliative and/or submissive sex roles of women in a society relative to men (Eakins & Eakins, 1978 Henley & LaFrance, 1984) presumably, such roles lead women to establish closer proximity to others, to use a more direct body orientation, and to be more receptive to the use of touch than men are.In fact, studies have confirmed that (a) female dyads interact at closer distances than do male dyads (Aiello & Jones, 1971 Evans & Howard, 1973 Mehrabian & Diamond, 1971), (b) mixed-sex dyads campaign to be more proximate than male dyads (Baxter, 1970 Cook, 1970 Evans & Howard, 1973), (c) women allow closer approaches from others than men allow (Dosey & Meisels, 1969 Patterson & Edinger, 1987 Willis, 1966). d) the body orientations of women interactants are more direct than those of men (Jones, 1971 Mehrabian & Friar, 1969), (e) female and mixed-sex dyads use touch more than ma le dyads (Elzinga, 1975 Hall & Veccia, 1990 Henley, 1973 Jones, 1971 Major, 1982 Stier & Hall, 1984), and (f) in mixed-sex interactions touch may be initiated more by males (Henley, 1973 Heslin & Boss, 1980 Major & Williams, 1980) or by either gender depending on factors such as culture (Shuter, 1977), type of touch (Hall & Veccia, 1990 Jones, 1986), or age of interactants (Hall & Veccia).In other countries as well, similar results have been obtained (Shuter, 1976, 1977 Sussman & Rosenfeld, 1982). These types of facts are things that you should understand as an interracial couple and try to always defeat the odds Those are just some of the topics I wanted to address with you so on the rest of your marital journey you can just love one another with less conflict. This is why I felt the need to address the way you should properly use interpersonal communication with one another on a healthy daily basis. Good Luck,

Realism and Metarealism in Mary Shelley’s Horror Tale Frankenstein

Many great novels act as representations of their age and time, and of the way in which people thought of themselves in relation to their orbit. Novels which are set in a circumstance value and time are generally involved with the major(ip) upheavals of their society, to some extent or other. The novel is capable of richly alluding to the general aspirations, perceptions, the general world-view as well as what people think they know more or less how the world they live in has come ab come to the fore.In this respect, for instance, Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, which are seeingly poles apart in their style and content, serve a correspondent purpose the former is concerned to evaluate the currents of change of its time as a lot as the latter is inspired by the revolutionary developments of knowledge of the modern world (Walder 135). Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (1818) certainly seems to be entirely derived from a dream or nightmare, something very unlikely to have happened to somebody in real life.True, some novels asshole seem to be more fictitious than others, and Frankenstein had been a novel in fictional category of its own. With her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley, at the age of 20, in fact inadvertently invented a revolutionary whole new genre of fiction which hardly existed before her time, namely acquisition fiction. In this sense, Frankenstein may not be representative of real life, and yet it was representative of an emerging new paradigm of scientific thinking in her time, during the first decades of the ordinal century.Frankenstein is generally regarded as representative of over-the-top fiction, with man acting as God, dead bodies coming to life, monsters, murder and mayhem yet we will here reason that there is a great degree of realism in this quintessential fantasy story of the early nineteenth century. The every-day realism in Frankenstein is deftly combine with elements of a prevalent genre called medieval, which more suited Mary Shelleys soaring imaginings. For instance, in the Gothic novel, wiz story is often nestled within some other and large sections of the narrative come out as a tale told by one character to another.In this and many other senses, Frankenstein follows many rules and conventions typical of the Gothic genre. At the core of the novel is the story told by the creature that exists within the story told by the scientist Frankenstein, which is within the story told by the explorer, Walton (Allen 63). Yet this is no constant horror tale. Though it certainly created one of the two enduring monsters of all time in slope Fiction, this is not a monster tale in any real sense either.Frankensteins creature, though labeled a monster, cannot be considered a monster, with any true justification, on par with other ordinary monsters such as Dracula or Godzilla. Frankensteins creature is a noble savage, and if anything, is sometimes more huma n than about humans. For instance, in the most late(a) revival of Frankensteins creature on Hollywood Screen, he sides with the eponymous human protagonist, Van Helsing, to battle against Count Dracula and his forces of darkness. Frankensteins creature embodies the quintessential human spirit and human longings.In a similar way, though being part of the Gothic fantasy tradition, and the most significant harbinger of perhaps the most highly imaginative genre of fiction, besides referring to a Greek figment in its sub-title, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein embodies a little of the spirit, the longings and fears of her age. Frankensteins 1818 preface makes a sop up distinction between its scientific plot, which was inspired by the scientific leanings of the time, and the more easily recognized action in the vein of Gothic fiction I have not considered myself as immaculately weaving a series of spiritual terrors.The event on which the interest of the story depends is exempt from the dis advantages of a mere tale of spectres or enchantment. (Shelley 47) In truth, Frankensteins claim to originality lies in its defiant rejection of the supernatural (Alkon 2). Thus, though often regarded as a fabulous flight of fancy, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein contains a powerful dose of realism, as opposed to supernaturalism, symbolism, or pure fantasy, at its core. But much more importantly, for the first time in the history of literature, it seeks out a new scientifically based vision of reality.By attempting to transpose the status of creator from God to man, and the secularization of the room of creation from the realm of miracles to the arena of science (Levine 27), Frankenstein stretched a drastically new way of looking at our world that is devoid of supernaturalism or fantasy. Thus Frankenstein is not only a crossroad of what is known as realistic imagination, but presents a deeper understanding of reality more in keeping with the then instead newly emerging scientific mod e of thinking.Terror remains a predominant element, an effect Mary Shelley avowedly sought to create, in the novel, yet it is by no fashion of a supernatural variety, as for instance in its counterpart Bram Stokers Dracula (or even Draculas progenitor Byrons Vampyre which was incidentally created during the same origin that spurred the creating of Frankenstein). The fright factor in the novel is implemented through natural means involving science and human psychology.Thus, although affiliated to the accepted Gothic norms and forms of creating a apparition story, Frankensteins essential realism validates its claim to novelty. The fear that Frankenstein evokes is not one of a spooky, instinctive kind, but rather of more thoughtful and plausible nature. Frankenstein succeeds in enliven awe and reverence for greatness of ambition, and yet at the same time instills a healthy level of fear and distrust of those who act on it rather blindly.The ambition of the novels protagonist, Victo r Frankenstein, that of recreating a living intelligent human form, may seem fantastic to us, yet it was by no means wholly outlandish by the standards of the time, the early nineteenth century being an extravagantly ambitious era when literally almost everything was considered possible by means of science. Great ambitions can succeed in the realization of great dreams, but they can also result in bringing to life unspeakable nightmares.Thus, though Mary Shelley may have worked on to create a conspicuous element of stark horror merely for the sake of sensationalism, in conforming with the purposes of spook story genre, the fears that Frankenstein gives expression to are more like warnings of consequences when great ambitions take a wrong track or are pursued without sufficient foresight. Alkon observes that A looming problem for writers in the nineteenth century was how to achieve sublimity without recourse to the supernatural.The supernatural marvels that had been a staple of epic and lesser forms from Homeric times would no longer do as the best sources of sublimity. Although ghost stories and related Gothic fantasies were to prove surprisingly viable right through the twentieth century, perhaps because they offer respite from the omnipresence of technology, writers sought new forms that could better accommodate the impact of science. Epics were displaced by realistic novels of quotidian life (2). . Fantasy tales normally act as a means of escape from the tyranny of every-day reality.However the advent and advancement of modern science was making the routine world that we take for granted a place of exhilarating possibilities and endless adventure. There was no need for an escape from our familiar world to seek thrill, excitement and sublimity anymore. Science made our every-day world hot and happening. At the same time, the phenomenal progress and promise of science was bound to raise many fears and concerns in the thinker and common man alike, then as muc h as now.Frankenstein reflects the dominant theme of a quest for adventure and accomplishment, along with hopes and fears about how far we are willing to go in our relentless hobby of scientific accomplishment. A significant achievement of Frankenstein lies in the fact that it became a trend-setter in a movement that was to bring more style and tenderness based on considerations of real-life world into the art form of the novel.However the most sublime virtue of Mary Shelleys novel is that it goes beyond even realism into the world of deeper and timeless truths about human existence. The subtitle of the novel, The Modern Prometheus says it all. In the summer of 1816, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin had been living with Percy Shelley for two years, going through ordeals and troubled times together. During this particular period they found themselves settled in Geneva, amidst the natural splendor of Alps, as well as in the stimulating company of Bryon.The origins of Frankenstein can be t raced put up to the rambling night conversations between these three luminaries, which must have presumably ranged from gothic terrors to galvanism, touching upon the prevalent theories of electricity and the origin of life. However, the fact that the three of them were to collect a major work with Prometheus in or as the title, that very same year, is a clear indicator that the myth of Prometheus and its significance should have been one of the major topics of their conversations.The subtitle of the novel Frankenstein, alluding to the myth of Prometheus, indeed holds an essential clue as to the original intent and purport of the author (Joseph v). Metarealism, for our present purposes, can be defined as the externalization of interior realities that are transformed into mystical or mythological metaphors. In this sense, transcending the particular context of its contemporary time, Frankenstein becomes a myth and a metaphor for human existence and evolution as such.Prometheus is g enerally portrayed as the suffering champion of mankind, but in Mary Shelleys novel, in the form of Victor Frankenstein, he becomes a creator. The vital spark of fire that Prometheus stole from gods to give it to mortals for their use, and for which he is eternally condemned, is often equated with the spark of creativity in humans. As expressed via the means of science, our creativity can exalt us to the status of gods at the same time, there is an intrinsic danger that it can cast us into eternal perdition.Almost two hundred after impetuously and almost naively suggested by Mary Shelley, notwithstanding the realistic scientific equip she wanted to give it, the prospect of us humans creating synthetic and intelligent life would come very close to reality in the years to come, give thanks not the miracles of electricity, as depicted in the novel, but to the marvels of genetic engineering. However, the murder and mayhem unleashed by Frankensteins creature could pale into utter insi gnificance when compared to the horrors that could be visited upon us by extremely advanced technologies of tomorrow, especially genetic engineering.The lot that fell upon Victor Frankenstein could in all probability be the fate of mankind in the near future. Mary Shelley attempted to make what was essentially a gothic fantasy sound closer to our real world, but most ironically, our real world is all poised to assume the weirdness and surrealism of a gothic fantasy if the Victor Frankenstein amidst us is allowed to experiment and pursue his scientific ambitions wantonly.Unfortunately, there does not seem any way to stop him, because stopping him would mean the ending of progress. Our own progress leading to our own perdition, perhaps that is the ultimate tragedy and horror of humankind. References Alkon, capital of Minnesota K. Science Fiction Before 1900 Imagination Discovers Technology. London Routledge. 2002 Allen, Richard. Reading Frankenstein. In, The Realist Novel, ed. Denn is Walder. pp. 61 -96. London Routledge. 1995. Joseph, M. K. Introduction. Frankenstein Or the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Oxford Oxford University Press. 1969 Levine, George. The Realistic Imagination English Fiction from Frankenstein to Lady Chatterly. Chicago The University of Chicago Press. 1981 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein (Original 1818 Text). Peterborough, Ontario Broadway Press. 1999 Walder, Dennis. Reading Great Expectations. In, The Realist Novel, ed. Dennis Walder. pp. 135 -166. London Routledge. 1995.

Jorge Luis Borges – Use of Ambiguity

The Art of Being Ambiguous In his collection of short stories, Ficciones, Jorge Luis Borges uses dreams, imagination and fantasy to establish equivocalness in his stories. With the use of juxtaposition and symbols, Borges blends a realm of dreams and imagination into the individuals everyday worldly experiences. Through these devices, Borges commonly blurs the line mingled with aspects of mankind for his characters versus the constructs of his or her mind.By combining the real with the fictitious, Borges incorporates ambiguity into his stories and introduces his readers to brand-new perspectives of world around them. In The South, Borges establishes ambiguity by dropping subtle textual hints that would ultimately lease for the reader to attain vastly different renderations of the same text. If taken at face value, the main character Dahlmann is released from a sanatorium after a earnest head injury.On the train ride back from the sanatorium, Borges hints that Dahlmann period ically transitions into his illusory past of the old South. Even as he enters the cab that would take him to the train put, he admits that reality is partial to symmetries and slight anachronism (175) meaning that his past, although misplaced and irrelevant to modern times, continues to have significance in the present. The reader can argue that Dahlmanns nostalgia induces illusions of the world from a time he remembered and celebrated it.On the train ride back to his ranch, he describes that the car was not the same car that had pulled out of the station the plains and the hours had penetrated and transfigured it (177) and that Dahlmann was traveling not only into the South but into the past (177). Borges uses this description to indicate that Dahlmann transcends into his fantasies of the old South on the train ride home as a result of a longing for the past. However, Borges also hints that Dahlmann might not have left the sanatorium at all, but has truly only conceive of about his release.Some readers find it improbable how Dahlmann is told he is coming right along (175) by the doctors at the sanatorium when only the day before Dahlmann was told that he was on the brink of death from septicemia. For Dahlmann, dying in the sanatorium would be a humiliating ending. When he is informed of his near death experience, Dahlmann felt suddenly self-pitying (175) and broke down crying. Borges points out that Dahlmann aspires to be resembling his ancestors and die heroically in the old Argentinian manner. Because dying in the sanatorium would have een a dismantle for Dahlmann, Borges highlights the possibility that Dahlmann conceive of up a perfect, heroic death in which he would defend the honor of the Old South. This is portrayed when Dahlmann gears up to fight a young thug (179), symbolic of modern Argentina, outside a country store at the end of his journey. When Borges states that it was as the South itself had decided that Dahlmann should accept the cont end (179), he emphasizes how Dahlmann viewed himself as about to fight in the name of the Old South.For this reason, it is arguable that Dahlmann fantasized his whole journey home and his dreams reflect how he desires to die a heroic death in reality. By incorporating these subtle hints throughout The South, Borges establishes ambiguity between whether Dahlmann had actually left the sanatorium or just now dreamed the whole story. Through this ambiguity, Borges allows for readers to form six-fold interpretations to the same story. In The mysterious Miracle, Borges blurs the line between the factual world and what patch ups as a fantasy by introducing the idea of having dreams transcend into reality.The main character Hladik has begun to formulate his own correspond through the inner-workings of his imagination. Aspects of this play mimic Hladiks reality as he reveals in the end that the main character of his play, Jaroslav Kubin, actually dreams up the events that occurred befor e in the story. The play has not taken place it is a circular delirium that Kubin boundlessly experiences and re-experiences (160). As Kubin dreams up the plotline of his story, Hladik constructs and reenacts the plotline of the play in which Kubin is part of through a dream, thus incorporating a dream within a dream.By juxtaposing Hladiks reality and the play he has constructed in his mind, Borges introduces the overarching idea of how the mind constitutes for a different realm in which the dreamers and thinkers can shape, share, and confide in. This idea is again prominent when the bullet that is intend to kill Hladik on the day of his public presentation stops seconds before taking him. Borges states that, in Hladiks mind a year would pass between the browse of the fire and the discharge of the rifle (162) as a result of beau ideal.If taken at face value, theology has intervened as promised in Hladiks dream. If the reader was to interpret this story in this manner, it is cl ear that events from Hladiks dream transform and impact his reality. In which case, Borges clouds the distinction between Hladiks reality and dreams. However, oddly enough, when Hladik requests the assistance of God in a dream the night before, the librarian states I myself have gone blind searching for it God (161), indicating that presence of God is questionable at most.If God is not yet found, He could not have given Hladik the extra year. By incorporating these subtle hints, Borges also allows the reader to interpret that it was solely Hladiks percept of time, rather than the intervention of God, that allowed him another year. By blurring the line between aspects of Hladiks reality versus the constructs of his mind, Borges permits the reader to question the presence of God in Hladiks execution and introduces the idea that time is relative to how an individuals mind perceives it.In the last short story Circular Ruins, Borges again uses dreams to introduce the reader to a new way of perceiving the world. In this story, the protagonist would dream from each one individual part of a boy until he would have finally engineered a son victimization his own imagination. However, the irony lies herein that the creator realizes at the end of the story he too was but appearance, that another man was dreaming him (100). The protagonist was nothing but a dream of another dreamer like his son was the dream of himself.Through The Circular Ruins, Borges asserts that the individuals perception of reality might simply be an elaborate illusion. The protagonist did not realize he himself was a dream until the end of the story when he steps into the flames. Similarly, Borges questions the credibility of the readers own existence. Borges uses the circular ruins where the protagonist dreams his son and where his son might possibly dream his own creation as a symbol to represent the interminable loop of dreams.Additionally, because a circle does not have a definite beginning or end, it signifies the dreams itself have an ambiguous beginning and an indefinite end. In essence, the ambiguity within this story lies in that the reader is left to question the trustworthy dreamer, had there even been an original. The individual is left to ponder whether the circular ruins are to constitute reality or whether the dreamer is simply experiencing a dream within a dream, another popular style of Borges as delineated within The Secret Miracle. Overall, Borges opens up a door of possibilities that lead to a string of unanswerable questions left to the readers interpretation. In general, Borges uses dreams, imagination, and constructs of the mind to brilliantly incorporate ambiguity into his short stories and thereby allow his readers to ponder new thoughts and ideas. In The South, the readers are left to question whether Dahlmanns journey back to the South had actually taken place or whether it was only a dream in which he portrays his desire to want to die a heroic death like his ancestors.Within The Secret Miracle, Borges weaves aspects from Hladiks own imagination into his reality such as the possible presence of God. This in turn allows the reader to question the distinction between factors of Hladiks real world versus that in his mind. Finally, in The Circular Ruins, the ending leaves the reader to question whether dreams constitute a reality of its own or whether these dreams had an original dreamer who was simply dreaming within a dream, a popular motif in other Borges stories.When Borges blurs the line between reality and fiction, he establishes ambiguity and often induces his reader to question the credibility of their own reality. Through this ambiguity, Borges asserts that there is no clear or correct way to understand his short stories and that each story is open to the individuals own interpretation. As a result, the short stories are open to a wide range of interpretations. Through these multiple interpretations, the reader opens him or herself up to new ways of perceiving the world.

Employment Barriers of Ex Offenders Essay

Finding role quickly is a priority for individuals leaving prison, and is unremarkably mandated as a parole requirement. Ex offenders often require some flexibility in their crafts, in order to meet court ordered or parole mandates, such as drug counseling, and therapy, and to meet regularly with their parole officers. Returning prisoners also enter a competitive turn over market with a combination of literacy problems, limited skills, and limited experience . Therefore they brook limited access to job offering c arer ladders, mobility, training, or a job security.The lowest paying, lowest skilled jobs are the easiest to secure. M some(prenominal) incur what they on a lower floorside of these opportunities because need to institute to meet the obligations of their release. An ex offender is a person who has been convicted of vile aversion and has completed their sentence either in prison or in the community. Over 600,000 people are beingness released from prisons each ye ar. Many suffer from various(a) of serious difficulties as they attempt to reenter society. Among the most challenging situations they face is that of reentry in the lying-in market.Employment tooshie be called a cornerstone of successful supervision. Employment for offenders reduces recidivism. It has been shown to be an important factor in reintegration, especially for men over the date of 27 years of age who characterize most individuals released from prison. Offenders reentering the community fill a better chance if they are given enough support to stay out of trouble for the first 6 months following release. Offenders are apprenticed for minimum take, unskilled, menial jobs. Lack of education and job skills are the primary reasons, but the problem goes beyond that.Criminal convictions stigmatize offenders, directly limiting their hereafter work opportunities and consequently encouraging them to return to crime for a source of income. Not only is it the predominant commu nity attitude against knowingly hiring individuals with felony convictions, but strictly enforced laws prohibits licensing of such persons in many occupations. When you help offenders improve themselves and develop a sense of responsibility and self-esteem, usance opportunities will execute more quick available A barrier is something that makes it more difficult for a person to job search or successfully complete the hiring process.Employment fills a springy need for most individuals it provides income, social connection, and feelings, of societal contribution and self worth. For ex offenders returning to the community after a period of incarcerations, consumption can make the difference between succeeding and returning to prison. (ISEEK)There are a numerous myths and truths with employing ex offenders Myth Ex offenders are only capable of doing manual(a) or repetitive work integrity Ex offenders represent a cross section of workforce. Many of them have valuable, in demand s kills and qualifications Myth Ex offenders are non educatedTruth Nearly one in three have graduated from high school and or college Myth Ex offenders are unreliable Truth Ex offenders are as reliable as some other workers. Myth Once a criminal, always a criminal Truth Ex offenders cannot prove themselves unless someone gives them a second chance Myth Someone will always have to watch over an ex offender Truth Ex offenders are people who paid the price for their crime and most of them want to make a fresh start. Ex offenders do not require extra supervision on the job Myth Other employees will not want to work with themTruth There is no need for employees other than line managers to know of the employees past Myth The existence of a criminal conviction is an indication of being trustworthy Truth Many people assume that ex offenders have basic character flaw that is not found in the normal population. Myth Our company polity excludes ex offenders because of the type of work involve d or legal restrictions. Truth It is common misunderstanding those certain professions and certifications bar people with criminal records, just to divulge a a few(prenominal).Ex offenders have a variety of characteristics that greatly limits their employability and earnings which include limited education and cognitive skills, limited work experience, and substance corrupt and other physical and mental health problems. Ex offenders face significant barriers to employment after release from prison. Barriers include employer attitudes towards individuals with criminal records, legal barriers, educational and monetary parapets, substance abuse and health issues, and lack of stable housing.The work experience that they had accumulated prior to incarceration was generally soundly below what it might have been in the absence of their participation in crime On top of that periods of time they have spent incarcerated have impeded them from gaining any additional privy sector experi ence, an no doubt help erode whatever job skills, positive work habits or connections to employers they might have had beforehand. Thus, if and when they do attempt to reenter the labor market after incarceration, the poor skills and very limited work experience that they bring with them limits both employability and earnings potential. closely offenders reenter the outside conception with little other than $ 40 of gate money or no money, no housing, no credit, no transportation, no drivers license, no documents, no redress, and no prehend clothes for job interviewing and work settings. They also have limited access to health care services. Finding a job is difficult when youre struggle to meet basic needs for food, shelter, and clothing. Many community based organization and support groups, such as Goodwill Industries, Salvation Army, churches and other nonprofit organization, care offenders with such basic needs. Ron 2005) A large fraction of these men suffer from substance abuse and other health problems. Among the small fractions of ex offenders who are women, numbers racket suffer from depression and or past sexual abuse. All of these factors limits employability because they limit the basic job readiness that employers almost universally seek as a pre-condition for employment. Besides these skills and health problems, most ex offenders are minorities, nearly half are African American, an nearly a fifth are Latino and Asian.To the bound that minorities continue to suffer labor market discrimination, this will further impede the ability of ex offenders to gain employment or earn higher wages. Most return to low income and predominantly minority communities that have relatively few unskilled jobs, and to peer groups who presumably provide relatively a few contacts to the world of legitimate work. (H. J. Holzer 2003) In addition to the barriers these individuals face have little control, the attitudes and choices that they make may also limit their em ployment outcomes.After months and possibly years of incarceration, few ex offenders reenter society with a positive I can do it attitude. Many feel worthless, hopeless, and unwanted. Their negative attitudes are obvious to family members, friends, and employers. These attitudes affect their motivation to sustain action that lead to success in finding a job. They are filled with anxiety and uncertainty, uncertainty of how people will receive them, uncertain round their families, uncertain about their housing and financial situations, uncertain whether or not they will find a job, succeed on the outside or become another recidivism statistic.Ex offenders is a significant group in the labor market. It has been estimated that they constitute up to one third of the working population. At least 90 per cent of those leaving prison enter unemployment and they comprise between 2 and 3 percent of the average monthly in flow to the unemployment pool. Ex offenders re substantially more cred ibly to remain unemployed in the long term rather taking a number of short term jobs. It is seeming that a large number of these men might be able to find some kind of work if they search long enough, but at jobs that pay very low wages and provide few benefits or chances for upward mobility.Many ex offenders may simply choose to forego these employment options, in favor of illegal opportunities or more casual work. They may accept these jobs temporarily, but may not retain them for very long. Their attachments to the legitimate labor market might be quite tenuous over the longer term, both as a result of these relatively unappealing options, or perhaps because of their own estrangement over several years from the world of work. Thus, the limited employment outcomes that ex offenders experience will at least partly mull over barriers, perhaps compounded by their own attitudes towards and response to these circumstances.The barriers faced by ex offenders because of their very limi ted skills, poor health, and race or area of conformity often reflect a difference between these characteristics and those sought by employers on the demand side of the labor market. Education is often a primaeval to success. It gratis(p)s offenders from many barriers to employment. Ex offenders tend to have low levels of education, lack many skills associated with better educated people. The poor skills and work experience of most offenders generally infringe with the skills and credentials sought by employers, even when trying to fill relative unskilled jobs.Those with substance abuse an other health problems are the least likely to be job ready, and will likely face few job offers or high discharge rates upon being hired. (Ron 2005) The federal government, as well as many state and local governments, place special legal restrictions on people with criminal records. Many drug offenders are prohibited from acquiring public housing or receiving other forms of public assistance. While employers cannot discriminate against individuals solely on the basis of their criminal record, they can refuse to hire if they can show that your background will negatively affect their workplace and business.State and local governments may include additional restrictions on certain opportunities, especially any position that deal with public safety. Finding work can be a challenge for some job seekers with criminal backgrounds. Having a criminal record can undermine employment prospects so that ex offenders are often penalized by the courts and later in the labor market. Having a job is widely recognized by ex offenders and those that work with them as the single most important factor in their resettlement and in preventing reoffending.It helps to know which barriers might be in the way and how to handle employer attitudes. Employers perform checks to gain additional information about ex offenders and checking seems to have no effect on hiring ex offenders for those employe rs not legally required to perform checks. Ex offenders looking for work often have a harder time than other job seekers. A felony conviction can be considered a barrier to employment. While employment is critical to ex offenders successful reintegration, prospective employers have their own set of interests when considering whether to hire an ex offender.Stoll,2008) Most employers are unaware of the tax incentives, bonding programs, and intermediary organizations currently in place to facilitate employment of returning offenders. Early work experience sometimes leads to wage growth over time, though this has not been particularly true among welfare recipients and others. Employers generally seem interested in the support system that seek to link up the gap between ex offenders and prospective employers, but need to know more about the programs and how they fit with their needs.Although, many employers like to give a qualified es offender a second chance, they are averse to takin g risks that they feel could threaten their workplace or reputation. In spite of the numerous barriers to employment of ex offenders, there is reason for some degree of optimism. Employers who had hired ex offenders report mostly positive experiences. A great number of employers are reluctant to hire individuals with a past, citing lack of skills and work history, untrustworthiness, and fear of liability for negligent hiring, among other things.Criminal record information has the potential to present unintended barriers for offenders pursuit employment. Across the country, states have provided employers with varying degrees of access to criminal record information on prospective and current employees. Advocates for limiting the availability of criminal record contest that providing such information to employers unfairly discriminates against ex offenders an makes it more difficult for them to obtain employment.Many employers argue that they should know who their employees are and whether they pose an unnecessary risk to the work place. (Holzer 2003) The United States Congress created two financial incentive programs to benefit employers who hire ex-offenders. One program gives an employer a tax break of $2,400 once an ex-offender has been hired and has worked for a certain number of hours. The other provides fidelity insurance bonds as an incentive to hire an ex-offender who might normally be considered high risk by mainstream insurance companies. These programs are often under-utilized.As a provider, you should educate your employer contacts about these programs and inform them that the State or your organization can assist them with the paperwork. Some employers have reported that they were on the fence about hiring an ex-offender, but the financial incentives sealed the deal. (Stoll 2008) Another program is The Federal trammel neting Program issues fidelity bonds which serve as insurance policies for employers. Bonding protects an employer in case of t heft, forgery, larceny, or embezzlement of money or property by an employee covered by the bond.The bond coverage is usually $5,000-$10,000, free for an employer, and good for up to one year. The bond becomes effective the first day of employment. Federal Bonding Program as an employer job-hire incentive that guaranteed the job honesty of at-risk job seekers. Job seekers who have in the past committed a fraudulent or dishonest act, or who have demonstrated other past behavior casting doubt upon their credibility or honesty, very often are rejected for employment due to their personal backgrounds.Their past life experience presents an obstacle to their future ability to secure employment. More specifically, employers view these applicants as being at-risk and potentially untrustworthy workers. This fear is further heightened by the fact that Fidelity Bond insurance commercially purchased by employers to protect against employee dishonesty usually will not cover at-risk persons becau se they are designated by insurance companies as being not bondable.As a result, these job applicants are routinely denied employment. Carter 2007) Ex-offenders, including anyone with a record of arrest, conviction or gyves, and anyone who has ever been on probation or parole, are at-risk job applicants. When you accord figures for the US inmate population and the offender population in the free community who are now on probation or parole, the total number of persons under correctional supervision approaches 7 million individuals. More than 600,000 inmates are released from prison or jail annually. Past experiences reveal that 67% of them will be recidivists. trouble to become employed after release is a major factor contributing to the high rate of recidivism. Having a record of arrest, conviction or imprisonment functions as a significant barrier to employment since employers generally view ex-offenders as potentially untrustworthy workers and insurance companies usually design ate ex-offenders as being not bondable for job honesty. (U. S. Department of Justice) There is restriction to the federal bonding program workers must meet the States legal age for working.The job usually is to be for at least 30 hours per week. Workers must be paid wages with Federal Tax automatically deducted from their pay check. ego employed persons cannot be covered. A total of $5,000. 00 bond coverage is usually issued, with no deductible amount for the employer. The employer gets 100% insurance coverage. Larger bond amounts can be issued if the certified agency issuing the bonds has acquired a special bond package and has determined a larger bond amounts are appropriate.

Psychology: Human Memory Essay

The article addresses the problems of interference as related to implicit shop. The study reveals the inconsistencies of the previous studies in the stadium of pellucid and implicit memory, and the jounce of interference on the memory performance. The authors of the article analyze the three study studies conducted in previous years. Lustig & Hasher (2001) refer to interference as a primary source of forgetting and a study focus of memory look for.Previous research has proved that implicit memory is immune to interference, just there is no evidence whether earlier studies reserve referred to proactive or retroactive interference. The results of the previous research have determined the different patterns of interaction between explicit memory, implicit memory, and interference mechanisms. This difference was afterward employ to suggest that explicit and implicit memory tasks measure different forms of memory and act at heart different systems of the brain.Despite the cle ar evidence that implicit memory is immune to interference, Lustig & Hasher (2001) suggest that this evidence is damage by using wrong methods of research the authors emphasize the importance of differentiating between target and nontarget memory responses. Lustig & Hasher (2001) have human bodyed a new study, in which each fragment presented at test could be finished only by one previously presented target word. The authors have utilized the three- convention study design in the interference group, the nontarget items were similar to the correct completions for the control group, nontarget items were unrelated to the test fragments the third group was used as a baseline and received only test fragments. The control and interference group participants viewed a list of words divided into the two groups of target and nontarget items. The list was followed by a set of exercises to be completed by both groups (word-fragment test).Lustig & Hasher (2001) used planned comparisons to ana lyze the results of the fragment-completion test. The comminuted question was whether orthographically similar nontargets impaired implicit memory for the target words (Lustig & Hasher, 2001). Although the control and interference groups have displayed better achievements in fragment-test as compared to the baseline group, the successes of the interference group members were negatively impacted by their exposure to the list of nontarget words. Thus, implicit memory was impacted by interference mechanisms. The authors have analyzed the proportion of incorrect answers as impacted by the group exposure to nontarget words.The results have shown an increasingly great number of intrusions of the non-target words in the interference group as compared to the control and baseline groups. The results of the study, combined with the previous research results, have led to the conclusion that explicit memory cannot be the only critical factor in determining the presence of interference. On the contrary, the conspiracy of the explicit and implicit memory responses determine the exact patterns of interference and their impact on human memory. Lustig and Hasher (2001) intelligibly demonstrate that implicit memory is not immune to interference. In addition, the researchers create a new imagery of the critical boundary condition for interference, which is similarity between critical and nontarget items, not deliberate retrieval (Lustig & Hasher, 2001). interchange questions1. How is the interference phenomenon discussed in earlier studies?2. Is there any unilateral evidence that implicit memory is immune to interference?3. Why is the similarity between target and nontarget items potentially important for the investigation of interference and its impact on implicit memory mechanisms?4. How has the use of fragment-completion test been beneficial for the discovery of interference impact on implicit memory?5. In the light of the current research results, how can we define a cr itical boundary condition for interference?