The Weimar Republic Was Failed from the Beginning

The Weimar republic was failed from the beginning. It began with the collapses of political governments within the Weimar republic. Stresemann’s government collapsed in late 1923 to be replaced by another government led by Wilhelm Marx of the Centre party. However the main contributing catalyst to the failure of the Weimar republic was the ever rising inflation in the country. The Weimar republic was failed from the start as the inflation started at the begging of the war as Bonnel points out â€Å"Inflation began in 1914 and was linked to the way in which the imperial government chose to pay for the war effort. Undoubtedly the imperial government had indirectly doomed the Weimar republic. This was the reason for the growing disillusionment within the Weimar Republic. The growing disillusion with the Weimar Republic was the deteriorating economy . This view is generally accepted but most historians are that of the German economist Kurt Borchardt (1982) . Borchardt suggests the slow growth within the Weimar republic was because that the trade union power kept wages high and therefore squeezed profits and middle class income. Borchardt believes that the Weimar Republic was unstably weak before 1929. This backs up Bonnels statement and is supported by K. J. Mason statement â€Å"The economic prosperity of the 1920s, however, was built on weak foundations† . However there are historians such as C-L Holtfrerich that have challenged such a view that high wages were the cause of the Weimar unstable economy . The weight of the evidence shows that C-L Holtfrerich could not have a significantly large change in the economy as the economy was already plummeting into inflation. Hyper-inflation initiated by the government to pay back reparations however it was blamed on the invasion of the Ruhr. There response to the economic situation was to print more money. Salmon suggests â€Å"The government simply printed more money†¦. Banknotes became increasingly worthless†. By 1923 the Reichsmarck became so worthless that 4 200 000 000 000 was worth one U. S. dollar. This alienated the middle class from the regime. The social and political cost of the hyperinflation was high. Scholars note that the inflation did more to undermine the middle classes than the ostensibly socialist revolution of 1918. A lifetime of savings would no longer buy a loaf of bread. Money was being carried in a wheel barrow to carry money to buy loaves of bread, it end up that the wheel barrow was worth more than the money in it. Trade union funds wiped out the middle classes and Capitalists losing there savings there for making the rich poor over night. Pensions planned for a lifetime were wiped out completely. Politically, the hyperinflation fuelled radicalism on both the left and the right. The Communists, badly damaged by their failure in January 1919, saw greatly improved prospects for a successful revolution. In Munich the leader of the small National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) Party, Adolf Hitler, used the turmoil to fashion an alliance with other right-wing groups and attempt a coup in November 1923—the Beer of the left succeeded in imposing their will. In the short run they did not succeed because of ineptitude and miscalculation; in the long run they failed because the government sponsored a currency reform that restabilized the mark and also decided to end its policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr in exchange for an end to the occupation and a rescheduling of the reparation payments that it owed to the Allies . Hall Putsch—that sought to use Bavaria as a base for a nationalist march on Berlin. He hoped to overthrow the democratic system of Weimar that he believed was responsible for Germany's political and economic humiliation. Neither the radicals of the right nor those of the left succeeded in imposing their will . In the short run they did not succeed because of ineptitude and miscalculation; in the long run they failed because the government sponsored a currency reform that restabilized the mark and also decided to end its policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr in exchange for an end to the occupation and a rescheduling of the reparation payments that it owed to the Allies. The wages of the working class became worthless. This caused society to turn to extreme anti-republican groups, the evidence of this was shown in the 1932 elections as anti republican parties gaining majority such as the Nazi party and the KPD. The financial recovery that began with the restabilisation of the German currency in late 1923 received a boost in 1924 when the Allies agreed to end their occupation of the Ruhr and to grant the German government a more realistic payment schedule on reparations. A committee of the Allied Reparations Commission headed by the American financier and soon-to-be vice president Charles Dawes had recommended these changes and urged the Allies to grant sizable loans to Germany to assist its economic recovery . The Dawes Plan marked a significant step in the upswing of the German economy that lasted until the onset of the Great Depression. The 800 million gold marks in foreign loans had by 1927 enabled German industrial production to regain its 1913 pre-war high . That same year the Reichstag addressed the vital need for social and class reconciliation by voting for a compulsory unemployment insurance plan. Reconciliation on the political level seemed achieved in 1925 when the 77-year-old Hindenburg was elected to succeed the deceased Ebert as president . Although no democrat, the aged field marshal took seriously his duty to support the constitution and the republic . The economy played a major part in the fall of the Weimar Republic. The hyper inflation in the 1920s was a catalyst which sped up the obvious fall of the Weimar Republic. This is supported by Feuchtwanger as he states â€Å"†¦ in the final years of the Republic the governments chances for survival were slim ‘. Furthermore supports the fact that Weimar was doomed from the beginning with the debts of the war which passed on during the Weimar â€Å" the principle causes for the failure, however,, to be sought in the years after 1918. as for these the many reason of the economy led to the fall of the Weimar Republic by 1933. When the Germans spoke of Lebensraum, which means â€Å"living space†, they used the term to denote a perceived need to have enough physical room to provide for themselves comfortably. This was used as propaganda in the invasion of Russia in 1941. Using children’s school books and the education system Hitler put in place to brain wash society into believing that this is how Germans should be. Propaganda might take the form of persuading others that your military might is too great to be challenged; that your political might within a nation is too great or popular to challenge etc. In Nazi Germany, Dr Joseph Goebbels was in charge of propaganda. Goebbels official title was Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. As Minister of Enlightenment, Goebbels had two main tasks to ensure nobody in Germany could read or see anything that was hostile or damaging to the Nazi Party. To ensure that the views of the Nazis were put across in the most persuasive manner possible. To ensure success, Goebbels had to work with the SS and Gestapo and Albert Speer. The former hunted out those who might produce articles defamatory to the Nazis and Hitler while Speer helped Goebbels with public displays of propaganda. The Nazis understood human psychology. It was Goebbels' simple realisation that, for instance in cinematic propaganda, there was a need for the viewer to be entertained. Otherwise, there would be no interest in watching at all. This is simply a single instance of the successfulness of Nazi propaganda. Goebbels realised this and corrected it. How Successful was Nazi Propaganda 1933-39? The relevance of how successful propaganda was at reaching people is that: it would be largely true to say – if it had reached people, if it had influenced peoples thought in a way beneficial to the rise of the Nazi party, therefore it had achieved a primary aim. The cinema allowed people to see the might of Germany†¦ but far from via raw imagery – the influence of propagandists was initially clear, however became more transparent and therefore more effective: Cinema attendance figures quadrupled. Propaganda, however slight or extreme, was being seen. The object of Riefenstahl's ‘Triumph of the Will' was also another facet of propaganda. The ensure that everybody could hear Hitler speak, Goebbels organised the sale of cheap radios. These were called the â€Å"People's Receiver† and they cost only 76 marks. A smaller version cost just 35 marks. Goebbels believed that if Hitler was to give speeches, the people should be able hear to him. Loud speakers were put up in streets so that people could not avoid any speeches by the Fuhrer. Cafes and other such properties were ordered to play in public speeches by Hitler. Goebbels and his skill at masterminding propaganda are best remembered for his night time displays at Nuremberg . Although it was his idea Speer brought it to life. Here, he and Speer, organised rallies that were designed to show to the world the might of the Nazi nation. In August of each year, huge rallies were held at Nuremberg. Arenas to hold 400,000 people were built. In the famous night time displays, 150 search lights surrounded the main arena and were lit up vertically into the night sky. Their light could be seen over 100 kilometres away in what a British politician, Sir Neville Henderson, called a â€Å"cathedral of light†. The propaganda allowed people to feel a sense of pride for there nation even though they themselves were suffering. That there suffering was for a reason and that it was not all in vain because that it was being fixed. They believed this because of all the great feats of design that Speer and Goebbels had put up inspired them this was he effect of Nazi propaganda.

Fundamental Analysis of Automobile Sector

GROUP-15, FINANCE-II By analyzing the industry on various parameters with the help of implementing Fundamental and Technical tools we came to know that this industry has a lot of potential to grow in future. So recommending to invest in Automobile Industry have no doubt is going to be a good and smart option because this industry is booming like never before not only in India but all around the world. The returns which came out of this industry were very impressive recently, as if we take an example of TATA motors it gives approx 90% return in a period of just 3 months while Maruti Suzuki shows always a buy and hold position because there is possibility of growth in future, same situation is in two wheeler segment with market leader Hero-Honda a debt free company also have bright future ahead. The numbers which came out in the end of financial year 2009 prove that even in the period of recession the overall sales went up is sufficient to support to this fact. Through Technical analysis of TATA Motors and Maruti it can be recommended that for now Maruti share price shows that it’s a time to hold the position or buy more shares as there is scope in further rise in share prices until and unless any negative reaction or sentiments comes in the Economy. Investing in Maruti Suzuki for long time could be a good option whereas in TATA motors there is a chance of getting correction, as it already went on high side in a very short period of time so holding the shares for long time could be a wrong step, so at this point of time those who invested earlier can book their profit or new

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example issues and trends continually emerge subjecting not only the understanding of CSR but also defining best policies and practices that would make CSR truly socially responsive. CSR advocates strongly believe that the practice of CSR is indeed beneficial to all, but could it be possible when stakeholders see business from different lens as dictated by their own interest? If ever this may be true, how far does CSR satisfy the demands of the many stakeholders – the consumers, the wider community (local, regional, and international) and supply chain members? Answering these questions would surely lead us to various issues that would bring us to realise that CSR matters more than ever as socio-economic disparity widens, as transnational corporations are more and more protested, and as corporate governance scandals – from Enron to WorldCom (Hopkins 2003, p. xi) and lately the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac scandal in US housing (Cristie, 2007) – shock the economy, harming people’s lives. But before going any further, one basic issue that needs imperative attention, as this will help put things into proper perspective, is defining CSR, as Hopkins (2007, p. 15) rightly argued, â€Å"The lack of widely agreed definition contributed to misunderstanding and cynicism towards the concept itself.† What is this CSR that rocks the business world all about? With many stakeholders – the consumers, wider community (local, regional, international), and supply chain members – pursuing their own interest, it is unsurprising to know that the definition of CSR in literatures vary. From among these definitions three are chosen for their distinct emphases. CSR covers the relationship between corporations (or other large organizations) and the societies with which they interact. CSR also includes the responsibilities that are inherent on both sides of these relationships. CSR defined society in its widest sense, and on many levels, to include all stakeholder and constituent groups

Investigating the impact of Information Technology on a career Assignment

Investigating the impact of Information Technology on a career - Assignment Example Yet, IT has already affected how business is carried out in the healthcare industry. Both private and public organizations are progressively adopting IT to modernize and make the delivery of health care services and information more efficient. This leads to a greater demand for healthcare professionals to acquire more skills in the application of healthcare technologies (Miller & Sim 121). In the near future, the magnitude, scope, and pace of adoption of IT in the healthcare industry will only intensify. Developing technologies and social media will break the barrier between professional and public health information. Access to evidence-based interventions and treatments, effective transactions, and constant feedback will most probably revolutionize the usual relationship between patients and healthcare providers. It will also transform how the public or patients access, receive, and assess health information. Understanding and addressing the magnitude and effect of such changes, as well as the contribution of health IT and communication to its facilitation, will demand interdisciplinary data structures and programs (Allan & Englebright 92). These systems will be fundamental for companies/individuals to remain competitive in the future. De Leon, S. et al. The business end of health information technology: can a fully integrated electronic health record increase provider productivity in a large community practice? The Journal of Medical Practice Management, 25.6 (2010): 342-349.

Petro-Canada's Total Compensation Strategy and Program Research Paper

Petro-Canada's Total Compensation Strategy and Program - Research Paper Example So, the creation of petro Canada was a part of his dream of self-sufficient Canada. The creation of the petro Canada goes back to the year 1973 when the world found Arabs having huge reservoirs of oil were badly engaged in the bloody wars and the prices of oil went to the sky (Forster, 1993). The province of Canada, Alberta had plenty of the oil reserves which were controlled by an American corporation. This was the time when the Chinese president and the opposition felt the sheer need of the time of establishing a Canadian corporation which could control major part of the oil trade. The resident wanted the American corporation to spend more amount of the oil supply to Canada and les to be the states of America while the business was going on reverse. So, 1975 was the year of birth of the Canadian corporation petro Canada. This angered the western world (Greene, 2010). The company kept on working as the one of the Canada’ s largest corporation and fulfilling almost 40% of the Canadian domestic and industrial needs. The idea of the petro Canadian as a powerful tool however was not liked by the liberals who were against the establishment of the corporation and wanted to sell it off (IGI, 2009). 1988 was an important year in the history of the petro Canada; it was the time when the government tried to represent the corporation as a symbol of the Canadian nationalism though Olympic bid. This was the high time for the petro Canada to get popular inside and outside Canada. With the coming years, the corporation made its grounds firm by purchasing few of the world’s famous oil brands and suppliers however the services of oil and gas refinery were got by British Petroleum Canada (Forster, 1993). 1980 was the year of the changing history of petro Canada. This was the time when liberals came in power and with their authority in the government, the energy issue was raised. They stopped the idea of making petro Canada as a symbol of Canadian nationalism and m ade it just to compete with the oil companies in private sector (Shields, 2007). Soon the corporation saw its deterioration and the government decided to privatize petro Canada. In 1991 the shares were sold in the open market while keeping 19% in the company. The shares price fell dramatically and the company suffered a drastic loss with many employees being laid off (Forster, 1993). In 2009, it was merged with Suncor and now it is owned by it while the brand is used nationwide. It has owned refineries in Quebec, Alberta and Montreal. Its major projects were White Rose, Hibernia and Terra Nova (IGI, 2011). It was 2006 when the company decided to enter in the mobile market and launched a prepaid service known as Petro Canada Mobility. In 2009, it decided to open fast food restaurants and provided the services of car wash with drive thru. Its offered services also include car repair service which is known as Certigard Car Repair. The Suncor ownership has surely brought a changed envir onment while entering in the open race of competition and brings the services to increase its customer market. Petro Canada has though been privatized yet it still symbolizes the Chinese president’s dream of all being independent (Greene, 2010). Petro-Canada For entry level positions Like any other company, the level of

Substance Abuse Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Substance Abuse - Article Example Through the journaling technique, I took down relevant notes on shared information which are deemed crucial to the healing process. As I was attending the meeting, there were different thoughts that crossed my mind, such as (1) how dedicated and committed are the alcoholics and the family members who attended the meeting; (2) do they really see the group (Alcoholic Anonymous) as an effective tool for recovery; (3) how different are the views of new and old members in terms of AA facilitating ways for their recovery; (4) does it help the alcoholics more when family members are present; among others. Initially, the meeting started by the presider announcing relevant events and activities to be participated in by alcoholics, family members and interest guests. Then, during the discussion the presider reminds members of the Twelve Steps which are the guiding principles for recovery. Old alcoholic members who have fully recovered shared their challenges and rewards for undergoing the program; while members were still anxious and apprehensive to share experiences. Every experiences shared were expounded by the preside r where interesting thoughts were emphasized and confirmed through validating experiences of others. I honestly thought that it would be an instrumental contribution to be part of this community as a presider, a coach or mentor to assist people with drinking problems on the road towards

Week 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Week 1 - Assignment Example According to ‘Appendix F: Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations’, the prosecution of a liability by a corporate entity should follow a well laid down procedure, which entails investigating the corporate failure, determining whether a charge is warranted, and negotiating for the corporate entity and the affected parties to reach an agreement, or alternatively enter a plea (Hasl-Kelchner, 2006). In this respect, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is applying this procedure to determine the culpability of Ford Company for the steering wheel problems, with a view to establish whether the company deserves to be charged for the failure. According to ‘Appendix F: Corporate Disclosure of relevant Facts’, it is the duty of a corporation to disclose the relevant facts in relation to a product released, so that the consumers can be fully aware of the nature of the product they are purchasing (Hasl-Kelchner, 2006). In this respect, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is investigating whether the Ford Motor Company was aware of the steering wheel problems with its cars, but failed to recall them back in good time (Jensen, 2014). If the company is found to be culpable for the non-disclosure of facts regarding this product, then it will be charged for a criminal offense. Jensen, C. (2014, October 6). Government Investigates 938,000 Ford Sedans for Steering Problem. The New York Times. Available at:

Strategy and Competition of Swissair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy and Competition of Swissair - Essay Example The rapid expansion which was supposed to bring Swissair out of its financial worries only served to make the situation worse eventually leading to liquidity problems for the company. Further, the manner in which Swissair spent money and made investments clearly shows that the management often had other interests in mind rather than the best interests of the company. Â  The SWOT Analysis of the company shows that while the strengths of the business were exploited, the weaknesses and were not accounted for and those weaknesses eventually led to the threats to the company becoming realities. The SWOT analysis created with the information presented in the case study shows the elements as follows. Â  Porter’s 5 Forces shows an interesting picture for the airline industry and it is clear that it is not easy to be a new entrant into a market which is dominated by heavy competition and rising costs. Profit margins for many airlines are becoming thinner as fuel costs and taxes are increased internationally which means the only determinant of new entrants is how easy or difficult it is for them to secure significant lines of capital. Even with price competition, an airline which has a strong brand name might be able to charge a premium for the same services as other airlines. Getting that brand name, however, requires continued service quality and a long history of excellence. The power of suppliers is also quite high since Boeing and Airbus dominate the supply side while the power of the buyers is quite low with regard to them simply needing planes if they are to call themselves as an airline. The threat of substitutes becomes low when we consider international travel but it remains quite high when local and regional travel is considered.

Book Review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Book Review - Term Paper Example Unfortunately most of the organizations fail in this remake effort. Some fail miserably but most of the organization lie somewhere in between. According to Peter Senge in his 1999 book â€Å"Dance of Change† â€Å"This failure to sustain significant change recurs again and again despite substantial resources committed to the change effort (many are bankrolled by the top management), talented and committed people driving the change and high stakes. The companies that fail to sustain significant change end up facing crises. Despite this high failure rate the need for change is undeniable for sustained growth. In fact the sooner is the better otherwise options gets dried up and it requires heroic efforts to successfully bring change. The powerful macroeconomic forces that necessitate change are technological, international economic and open market forces. These forces simultaneously create opportunities and challenges for the organizations. The phenomena that some companies succ essfully manage dramatic changes, while others fail, intrigued Kotter. It led him to study more than hundred organizations involved in the change effort. He believes that the defining factors between success and failure of these change initiatives in business are some critical differences. This extensive study resulted in the development of a framework. He devised an eight phase process necessary for successful change. The most general lesson he derived from the case of successful companies is that each company has to undergo eight phases or steps in the change process without skipping any step. It requires a great deal of time and care because any critical mistake at any phase can be very costly to the company. Kotter’s view about change is quite dissimilar to the views of the vast majority on change management. Kotter emphasizes on leadership rather than management hence the name leading change rather than change management. He negates the common perception that change is a ll about management. He believes that successful transformation is 70-90 percent leadership and only 10-30 percent is management. Kotter not only recognizes the complexity of organizational change but also has proposed its solution with leadership, which is neither simple nor easy, instead of a logical process to manage change as prescribed in most of the books. Kotter’s book is also different from other books on account of its reliance on personal experience based on his exposure to companies for many years instead of drawing on other sources to bolster his arguments and conclusions. Kotter has attributed this undue emphasis on management to the mushroom growth of organizations by entrepreneurs in the twentieth century. Hundreds of mangers were required for the management of these organizations. A single leader with lots of managers could fulfill the requirements of a relatively slow pace of change in business. But the ever accelerating pace of change in the fast moving worl d of the twenty first century, decisions need to be made quickly and cannot take the ponderous and slow route of the management style. Dynamic adaptive enterprises of today’s world demand leadership. Kotter in his book has firstly identified the reasons of change programs failures and urged the importance of leadership and secondly has developed the change

Perceptual system Essay Example for Free

Perceptual system Essay It has been found that our perceptual system respond to perceptual symbols as a means of making sense of information, it is not a unified center in the brain, rather it is a complex and integrated process which is affected by focus of attention, knowledge and memory, and emotional evaluation (Sekuler Blake, 2001). Focus of attention refers to the length and quality of the attention given to an image or situation, sometimes when our perceptual system experiences information overload, it tends to focus attention on the more relevant information and to disregard the unimportant information. However, there is no way to tell which information will be given attention or not, and sometimes vital information may not be perceived hence leading to misinterpretation of a situation. For example, in the movie Sixth Sense, we see the actor unable to open doors but we do not focus attention on that detail because we are intent at perceiving the events in the movie and listening to the dialogue of the characters, at the end of the movie we are shocked to find out that Bruce Willis was the ghost. Knowledge and memory brought about by previous experiences also lead us to misinterpret objects and situations, through learning we acquire perceptual sets that enable us to respond immediately to situation (Hommel Milliken, 2007). For example, we have heard from news reports that crimes by street gangs have risen and that most gang members are African-Americans and Latinos, such that when we witness a street fight, and later recall what we have seen, we are more likely to say that the gang members were Latino and African-Americans. This perceptual schema is often related to stereotypes, when we are bombarded with the same information we tend to believe that it is true and we commit that to memory. When confronted with incomplete images or situations, we tend to fill in the gaps based on our previous knowledge and experiences (Sekuler, Watamaniuk Blake, 2002). Our perceptual system is also affected by the emotional reaction that perceptual symbols trigger, for example, if I was fighting with a loved one and in the exchange of hurtful words, my perceptual system’s ability to process the information is clouded by the emotions that I attach to the hurtful words which causes more misunderstanding. In order to reduce misjudgments and misinterpretation of what we see, hear, or feel, it is always best to not rely on first impressions. When confronted with a situation in which we are asked to recall what happened, we must be conscious of how our previous experiences affect our understanding of the situation (Sekuler, Watamaniuk Blake, 2002). We must also be aware that we only have a limited attention span and it takes much concentration and presence of mind to be able to pay attention to details. We should also not rush into judgment, if we are unsure of the situation, then we must find ways to validate our understanding of the situation by asking other people of their judgments. As human as we are, we do tend to attach emotional values to objects and situations, for example, we feel disgust and fear for ex-convicts, therefore we limit or avoid our interaction with them and easily pass judgment that they should be locked up again, however not all inmates are criminals and there are those who really change and straighten their lives. However, since our emotion has gotten the better of us, then we do not perceive them as capable of change. Therefore, we should not let emotional attachments get in the way of how we perceive and process our world and the interactions we have with other people.

IKEA Marketing Analysis

IKEA Marketing Analysis The purpose of marketing is making sure that the effort of separate parts of the company, such as research, selling, sales promotion, and after sale service are working as closely together as possible. To understand such dual rule successfully their need to be a clean understanding of organisational responsibility and a clear program showing deters timing. In my academic session, I wish to analyse the market research of IEKA which is one of the largest and superior furniture store in the UK. The IKEA concept builds on a relationship with the consumer. Nine key messages are used within the IKEA marketing communication to build this relationship and give an understanding of how we can fulfil our customers needs. They have managed to make their products and services more popular based not only on price but by creating a unique shopping experience for the customers. The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the IKEA experience. Definition of marketing: Marketing is a complex series of process by which demand for goods and services is identified, supplied, anticipated or manipulated by a producer. While new often regarded as part of the responsibility of every aspect of the business and indeed every employee it realize heavily on such functions as advertising, marketing, research and new product development. There are huge number of definitions are provided by different persons and institutes such as. *According to Philip Kotler satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process *The Chartered Institute of Marketing define marketing as The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably Compare between the definitions: The given definitions by Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) and Philip Kokler are not same. They provide their Meaning of marketing in the different way. If we analyse their speech we can fine the compare of the definition. There are some comparisons in my point of view: a. The main differences between the definitions are changing of the customer need and want which are mentioned in the Philip definition CIM did not give any idea about it. b. On the other hand, Chartered Institute of Marketing Definition with benefit process but Philip Kotler did not focus any theory of benefit. c. Besides that Kotler ignore the identification and anticipating what customer will need in the future but CIM was effort that will be happened in the customer view. In fine, it is clear from the above discussion that, CIM provides its definition is more elaborately then the Philip Kotler proved. But both of the definitions are depend on marketing approach. Characteristics of marketing oriented organisation: The main structure of marketing oriented organisation is the always deal to the customer and try to bit their competitors. They try to attract and empress the customer to improve their sale. There are various types of characteristics is appear in the market oriented organisation. But five important feathers are mentioned bellow: The organisation consider to the customer first. What product customer wants and how product should developed for customer satisfaction. The needs of the customer have got a great importance in the market oriented business. A market oriented business identifies the needs of the customer and will start the process of production of that service or goods which will fulfil the customer needs. In todays business environment, the company gives much importance to the consumer and will try to identify the needs and wants of the customer. Another feather, structure and culture of these organisations are easy and flexible because they can change this structure according to the situation. One most important issue is long-term process. This is a valuable process because any business sometime passes critical moment and then it automatically overcome crisis so if they got long-term target they may not be affected by this way. Last but not least character is stockholder. They give priority to stockholder before making decision because they bear profit and loss of the company. IEKA is a market oriented organisation because all of the above mentioned character are found in the IKEA. They always try to the keep satisfied customer by the providing good product and service. Element of marketing concept: The marketing concept is The achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customer needs better than the competition. There are three types of marketing concept such as: Customer orientation. Integrated effort and Goal achievement. Customer orientation: Customer orientation means supply best customer service for gaining their satisfaction. It is less important to provide customer convenience then the customer satisfaction. The selling theory is based on the belief that customers need to be persuaded to buy through aggressive selling and promotions. Integrated effort: Company have to improve both internal and external capacity which is important element of marketing. External means customer need, staff motivation, and production. Many individuals within the organisation have a responsibility for creating value not just staff and a marketing orientation requires that an organisation draws upon and integrate its human and physical resources effectively and adapt them to meet customer needs. Goal achievement: Every company must be believed the universal truth role is customer satisfaction for gaining supreme success. Communicating successfully with customers is about supporting the product you are trying to sell. In the market, high levels of promotional support are required for the product to be recognised. Marketing approach: http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif Marketing approach is the process by which companies determine what products and service may by satisfy to consumer, and the strategy to use in sales, communication, and business development. It is also an integrated method which is can build up strong relationship with customer. Every company expense lots of money for marketing purpose. To get success of the business in the competive world company apply different marketing approach for improving sales. There is some of the effective cost and benefit point of marketing approach: Cost: Making a proper marketing structure for attracting customer. To improve the quality of products those are manufacture by the company. Develop the service method. Creating strong relationships with customer, supplier and distributor. Benefit: Almost all of the company stand on profit. Without profit any company cannot survive long time, so main marketing approach should be profitable. One most important point of benefit is gaining customer loyalty. So that customer can realize that the products and service are actually well. Another valuable benefit is achieving reputation. Only by the customer Satisfaction Company can achieve this benefit. Micro environmental factor of IKEA: The word of Micro means small or limited something. But in the business section, micro environmental element means some of the internal factors which are directly control or effect on the business. The micro environmental factors of the company are customer, suppler, and its stockholder those are strongly related each other. So company can directly affected by these element or factors. If the supplier of IEKA do not provide good manner to customer or do not give them proper service customer may divert to another company because it is competitive market as a result the stockholder do not wish to invest capital because company became profitless. But the customer of IEKA are always satisfied because its service and product. The relationship between supplier and stockholder of IKEA excellent that is why they were effort to gain success. Another important factor of IKEA is staff, they are always tried to keep customer happy by providing their best service. Macro environmental factor of IKEA: The word of Macro means bigger or unlimited something. But in the Business world, macro environmental factor means some of the external issue which are indirectly leads or control on the company. The macro environmental factors are national and international economy, politics, society, and technology. The factor of macro environment do not affect on the company it first effect to the country and then society and finally company. We know that IKEA is a worldwide company which deal more than 29 countries. In the recent world economic recession destroys most of companies are going to be baseless but IEKA does effecting by this crises. Because IKEA always sales sale worldwide design product which impress to the customer. Market segmentation: The analysis of buyer or potential buyer in a given market along various dimensions. These usually include demographers like age, sex, and socio-economic status, buying patterns with respect to price and quality and personality factors like conservatism radicalism, need for achievement or need for affiliation. The objective is to divide a market into segments comprising similar kind of people so that marketing efforts eon be targeted more precisely and the most effectively approach used with each segment for specific form of market segmentation. The concept of IKEA that people are famous for working hard, living on small means and using their heads to make the best possible use of the limited resources they have. This way of doing things is at the heart of the IKEA approach to keeping prices low. But quality is not compromised for the sake of cost. Sweden has an international reputation for safety and quality you can rely on, and IKEA retailers take pride in offering the right qualit y in all situations. There are two common product of IEKA bellow which is available in market I am going to analyse market segmentation. DVD CD furniture: This is very essential product for every persons daily life thats way most of the Company want to manufacture this product. We know that before manufacture product IKEA always try to understand which raw materials are environmental healthy and all ages accept it. Starting to the demographical view of the customer, children whose age fewer than 18 they will choose this product for its design comfort. Young men choose the IKEAS DVD CD furniture because the low price then other brand. Some of the large family want to buy this product thinking about its raw materials which make it heavy and sustainable price. In t he geographically views, the urban people will use DVD CD furniture than the country side people. Another status of customer social-economy, the poor people may not unable to buy DVD or CD so they no need to buy this furniture. In this case rich a middle class people can effort to buy this product. Table lamp: The important Product of IKEA which is used people in every category. There is huge colour and shade of table lamp is available in the super market. That is why all generated people chose this product. If we segment this product than we can say the children may be prefer it as a variety of colour. Most of the young people will attract to use it for decorating room with verity of size. In case of old generation they will prefer this product for price because it is low price than other company. Geographically, urban area will be more business proper than the rural area. Another impotent factor for family groups is environmental friendly and sustainable price. Target Marketing: Target marketing involves breaking a market into segments and then concentrating your marketing efforts on one or a few key segments. Target marketing can be the key to a small businesss success. The beauty of target marketing is that it makes the promotion, pricing and distribution of your products and/or services easier and more cost-effective. Target marketing provides a focus to all of your marketing activities. There are five target strategy described below: Identifying competitors: Once you have identified your target market, then you need to understand who your competitors are. The more knowledge you have about you competitors, the more equipped you will be to market and sell your services effectively to their clients. The knowledge you have about your competitors and how you use that knowledge will be either to your advantage or disadvantage, depending on how you market your services. Advertising Avenues: The key to telling your story in the marketplace is to advertise effectively. Conduct necessary research to ascertain where your customers are reading about the latest trends in the marketplace, and ensure your advertising methods meet your customers where they are. Direct mail, email, fax blasts, trade magazine advertising, radio, TV, collateral pieces, and trade shows are some of the many examples that companies can use to advertise themselves effectively. Marketing Campaign and Strategy Develop a marketing strategy that will carry your message to the streets and support your sales teams selling efforts. An effective marketing campaign both brings leads and enables your sales representatives to sell to more qualified leads proactively. Sit down and determine the message that will bring the biggest impact to your target customers, and develop an effective, long-term marketing campaign that will carry that message to the marketplace. Product Knowledge Understanding your own products and the value they bring to the marketplace is critical to developing effective marketing practices. Your product line is your best offense when facing your competition, so it is critical that your marketing department positions your products to their best selling advantage. Your marketing department needs to make sure that the key benefits of your product or service line are well-known to the sales department, and that they are the focus of all marketing campaigns. Industry Knowledge Understanding your industry is critical to marketing effectively to the marketplace. Staying on top of industry trends will enable you to create newer, fresher products that hit the market more quickly and impact-fully than your competitors. Also, knowing the resources to use such as trade magazines, industry-focused websites, trade forums, and industry experts will help you most effectively keep abreast of all that is going on in the industry. Behaviour of buyer: An important part of the marketing process is to understand why a customer or buyer makes a purchase. Without such an understanding, businesses find it hard to respond to the customers needs and wants. For a marketing manager, the challenge is to understand how customers might respond to the different elements of the marketing mix that are presented to them. If management can understand these customer responses better than the competition, then it is a potentially significant source of competitive advantage. Research helps find the real reasons why we buy what we buy. This requires time, money and expertise. Surprisingly many other organisations dont really know exactly why their customers buy or dont buy from them. Yet understanding customers is at the heart of marketing. Once the reasons why people buy or dont buy are discovered, the marketing mix can be changed to suit the buyers needs and wants. HOW CUSTOMER BUY: The psychology of each individual considers the product or service on offer in relation to their own culture, attitude, previous learning, and personal perception. The consumer then decides whether or not to purchase, where to purchase, the brand that he or she prefers, and other choices. A customers approach to purchasing a product or service is influenced by their situation whether they have money and how important, frequent, risky or urgent the purchase is to them in their situation. Imagine the difference between someone with plenty of money who can afford to make a mistake when buying as opposed to someone who has scraped her last few pounds together. They might both be buying the same product but their financial situation suggests that their approach to buying will be very different. Customers make more of an effort, and become more involved, if the purchase is relatively important to them particularly if they have no previous experience of buying such a product or service. Product developing: Before starting this point we should know what is product? Well, if anything able to fulfil customer need with fully satisfying which they buy for specific reason this is called product. The major quality or feather of product is tangibility. Off course, intangible anything not counts as a product such as reputation of company because it is one kind of service. One important way, to make product developed is brand and design. But product and brand is not same thing. A product is made by factory while brand is something which customer buys for consumption. So to develop the product factory should improve the quality and design of brand that people buy. Therefore, the management of product and brand should be aware about marketing process. It is not easy way to achieve customer loyalty and high market sale without product development. It is also not possible if brand and quality of product are not accepted by customer. IEKA got it high market and customer loyalty in the world not only by its quality and brand but also its marketing policy. Product distribution: Distribution is an important section of marketing. It can increase sales by providing proper way of distribution with achieving customer satisfaction. There are distributions Factors which make customer comfort: Market factors. Producer factors. Product factors. Market factors: An important market factor is buyer behaviour how do buyers want to purchase the product? Do they prefer to buy from retailers, locally, via mail order or perhaps over the Internet? Another important factor is buyer needs Information and servicing of product. Intermediaries are often best placed to provide servicing rather than the original producer for example in the case of motor cars. The willingness of channel intermediaries to market product is also a factor. Retailers in particular invest heavily in properties, shop fitting etc. They may decide not to support a particular product if it requires too much investment (e.g. training, display equipment, warehousing).Another important factor is intermediary cost. Intermediaries typically charge a mark-up or commission for participating in the channel. This might be deemed unacceptably high for the ultimate producer business. Producer Factors: A key question is whether the producer has the resources to perform the functions of the channel? For example a producer may not have the resources to recruit, train and equip a sales team. If so, the only option may be to use agents and/or other distributors. Many channel intermediaries focus heavily on the customer interface as a way of creating competitive advantage and cementing the relationship with their supplying producers. If a manufacturer sells via a retailer, they effective lose control over the final consumer price, since the retailer sets the price and any relevant discounts or promotional offers. Similarly, there is no guarantee for a producer that their products are actually been stocked by the retailer. Direct distribution gives a producer much more control over these issues. Product factor: Large complex products are often supplied direct to customers (e.g. complex medical equipment sold to hospitals). By contrast perishable products (such as frozen food, meat, bread) require relatively short distribution channels ideally suited to using intermediaries such as retailers. Price setting process: From the ancient time it was controversial section to setting price of the appropriate product. According to Shapiro and Jackson, every company should follow one of the three methods for price setting such as cost oriented, competitors oriented, and marketing oriented. In generally company set price of the considering the cost of product manufacturing and marketing which up to reach consumer hand. These costs depend on quality of product, label, and distribution and so on. For marketers selling through resellers the pricing decision is complicated by resellers need to earn a profit and the marketers need to have some control over the products price to the final customer. In these cases setting price involves more than only worrying about what the direct customer is willing pay since the marketer must also evaluate pricing to indirect customers. Another important way of price setting is competitors oriented which is the faction of the present world. In the Competitors oriented process need to compare with other company and always try to increase sale anyway. But most of the customer does not like these criteria because they think about quality and brand not price. In case of IKEA, It follows the marketing oriented and cost oriented process because it is a renowned and worldwide company. They no need to competition with other because it manufactured its own brand so that they thing about the manufactured cost and increasing sale. Promotion activity: One important p among the 4p is promotion. In general way, Promotion actually means improving interpersonal capacity. But in the business world, this word used to gaining business prosperity as a reputation company like IEKE, TESCO, TOYOTA, etc. Normally a company can change situation by achieving promotion in various way like sowing public relationship with customer, improving personal selling, advertising and many others way. Personal selling is important way to improve individual customer relationship. Besides sale persons are important rule for the company because all of the action depends on them. IEKA Provide range of promotion activity for improving sales which lead it to gain company rank or promotion. In recent, From 10 to 24 March 2010, IKEA develops an interesting event in four important metro stations in Paris. Furniture collections are currently displayed in high-traffic spots, giving the potential customers a chance to interact with the brand by checking out the product s. The subway walls are also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors. What a creative way to do advertising! Moreover, this action completely changes the way the Paris subway station look and creates a cool atmosphere. Marketing mix: The marketing mix is probably the most important marketing term. It describes the basic, tactical components element of a marketing plan. In generally known, as the Four Ps , the marketing mix elements are price, place product, and promotion. Price: IKEAs Price strategy is completely based on cost oriented. Across the markets where it currently has a presence, products are sold at low prices. Prices are 30 to 45% lower than competing products which is a crucial technique of IEKA. Price variations are only a result of fluctuations in exchange rates. This penetration pricing enables IKEA to gain significant market share in the world. Low prices are a result of large-quantity purchasing, low-cost logistics, store location in suburban areas and a DIY approach to marketing. IKEA also benefits from economies of scale and healthy supplier-firm relationships. IKEA enters into long-term contracts, provides leased equipment and technical support in exchange for exclusive, low-cost manufacturing from suppliers. For new markets, IKEA should retain its price-image to maintain the brands positioning. Product: The value chain of IKEA is unique in that customers are also suppliers and suppliers are also customers. There are valuables transactions between the supplier and IKEA and on to the customer which help them to each stage. One another important criteria of the IKEA, is Product differentiation that exists in the value-added dimension. But sometimes IKEAs consumers are treated as presumes with most of its products requiring assembly after purchase. While this is well accepted in areas where IKEA now operates, it may be a point of consideration when entering new markets. Should IKEA encounter a market where DIY is not favoured, IKEA may include the cost of the service to the products price. Place: The third market mix criteria are place or location. In this case all of the IKEAs stores are located in suburban areas. This is a factor in the achievement of IKEAs low pricing. While it may appear as a disadvantage, this fits IKEAs target market of customers willing to transport their own purchases and requiring less assistance in assembly. Promotion: IKEA Have proposed variety of option to providing promoting in the purpose of encouraging people one of them is Work At Home promotion aimed at boosting sales of home office-related merchandise. Realizing the potential of our online database, the decision was made to utilize electronic mail as the primary medium of communication with the public, which required that we identify and utilize the optimum e-mail list management solution. Expended marketing mix: We already discuss about marketing mix which is consist 4p (Price, Product, Place, and Promotion). But without 4p there are more 3p such as People, process, and Physical evidence. Basically, these 3p used to service related industry or organisation. And these are also intangible product which is not appearing in physically like, reputation of company and achieving promotion. The main target of this marketing to making consumer satisfy by providing best service not quality of product. The consumers of the marketing can be segmented into different way. There are 3p below those are providing service to the consumer: People: People mean staff of the organisation that helps to the customer directly. Peoples are important factor in the consumer market of organisation for gaining success. The provide service into the different market segmented organisation. Process: Process is one kind of technique and mechanical strategy of the marketing these are help consumer by given them essential modern facility. For example, more of the cash point provides service to the consumer here people get money instantly. Physical evidence: another most important element is Physical strength that means help to the consumer in the field label. We know that some of the companys work in field like, day labour, Driver, and mailing, packaging here need physical strength to achieve customer satisfaction. Consumer in every age and category want to service physically from the organisation. Different between product and service: The most important distinguish between the product and service is tangibility. Product is a tangible element in any kind of organisation or industry while service show is fully opposite scenery of the organisation which is intangible and appear less just only evaluate by the consumer satisfaction. Another characteristic of product is fixed measurable but service not measurable at any time. Because if a customer have bought any product yesterday and now today he/she want to buy again, at is possible to get same product but in case of service it is almost impossible to get same service from the organisation he may get better or poor once because it is intellectual habit. On the other hand, in term of consumer every organisation evaluates its consumer in the same eye it does not differ into poor and rich consumer. This is the way of marketing. Although market segmentation divide consumer by the demography and geographically. So consumers are less difference than the difference between p roduct and service. Different between international and domestic market: International market means researching market according to the international view of people. While domestic market only analyse the own countrys marketing where it situated. It is sophisticated discussion to find out that why and how international and domestic market is not same. It will be crystal to us if we PEST (Political, Economical, socio-cultural, and technical) analyse in the current world business. In the political factor, one country does not give permeation to enter another country easily for business purpose thinking about it domestic business may lose. We know that the economical status of all country in the world not same that is why the developed country does not wise to business with poor country. Another important factor is culture, religion, and society these are not same in the world so it is main obstacle in the international market. For example, the Bangladeshi people take tea or coffee after meal while British people like drink or alcohol. But now a days, in the technological arena which attract people to involve international business. In case of IKEA how it gain international market, this was only because of IKEAs worldwide service. Conclusion: As mentioned in the case study, UKs furniture market is very brightness. So in the view of increasing share market, IKEA needs to focus on positioning itself as the one stop centre for all home furnishing needs. IKEA should have target their marketing effort on middle-upper, educated segment of UKs people, as they are the one that will be more open to accept new ideas and concept that has to offer. Also IKEA should different itself, focus on the experience it offers to shopper, not just the low price products.

AND MICHEAL PORTE1 : AND MICHEAL PORTE1 :: Business and Management Studies:

AND MICHEAL PORTE1 : AND MICHEAL PORTE1 COMPARISON OF CHARLES HANDY AND MICHEAL PORTER Introduction In the modern age, when nature of management science is changing rapidly, ideas and work of few are helping the organizations and individuals to cope with these changes. They are the people who laid the foundation of modern management studies, and are known as management gurus. Among the few top management gurus Charles Handy and Michael Porter are the one who had the lasting influence on management thought and writing. Both are unique in their own fields in many ways. My aim is to compare and contrast the ideologies, work, and style of these two leading management gurus. Comparison & Contrast Charles Handy is an eminent management guru who has delivered insightful and humorous analysis of the management task for many years .He has developed great thinking and writing on management, arts, culture, business ethics. His writings are inspiring - philosophical, passionate, lively, enlightening Refreshing, thought-provoking, challenging and interesting to read. It gives inspiration, arguments and confidence to many of readers who are feeling beleaguered by the new priorities and agendas facing the arts and management sciences .Charles Handy style is informative, readily accessible, and peppered with personal anecdote and reflection. Many other management thinkers create new models based on empirical research and popularize them as their masterwork but Handy’s research is based on his personal experiences, assessment and observations. He started with his first book, Understanding Organizations (1976, revised 1991) and later in his other book GODS OF MANAGEMENT: THE CHANGING WORK OF ORGANISATIONS (1978) he used Greek gods in order to explain his view in a more simplified form, by doing this he earn a unique style of writing in management literature. In the 1980's he developed his thinking and writing skills , about modern style of living and working, which he explain in his famous book The Age Of Unreason and The Future Of Work(1989), which pioneered new ideas about the value of knowledge and self-determination. Handy's message is that we will not survive unless we respond to the radical way in which the world is changing. Handy was one of the first to identify the end of 'careers for life'. His book, jointly written with John Constable, The Making Of Managers in 1988, criticized the current management style adopted by managers, and advocated radical improvements to, UK management standards, which gave rise to the Management Charter Initiative (which eventually choked on its own bureaucracy). In the 1990's he focused increasingly on ethical and philosophical issues for business and society, as reflected in his collection of observations, like in his article Waiting For The

The Science of Love Essay -- Science of Sex Appeal

Around the world people love. They live for love, they write for love, the sing, eat, cook, die and kill for love (ForumNetwork, 2009). Since the beginning of recorded time, people have wondered why love is such an intense and universal feeling. There is no culture in this planet that does not have love (ForumNetwork, 2009). This essay will only talk about romantic love were sexuality and attraction are involved. Romantic love, is one of the most powerful energies on earth (ForumNetwork, 2009), it is indeed one on the most addictive substances we can experience at least once in our life. The rush of cocaine and the rush of being in love depend on the same chemicals in our brain (ForumNetwork, 2009); we are literally addicted to love. The feeling of being in love does not depend whether the other part loves you back or not, it will help you feel more happy that is for sure, but the intensity of the feeling loved or heartbroken is the same, they both depart from the same principle: the love and desire of the other. Love remains in the most basic system of our brain, under all cognitive process, under all motor impulses; it is placed in our reward system, the most ancient systems of all (ForumNetwork, 2009). In order to gather all the information we have got in the science of love, many researchers in different fields have cooperated to form an idea of what occurs when love happens. One of the world leading researches in this field is the American anthropologist Helen Fisher, author of many best-seller books such as why we love, or why him, why her. She has worked with many neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologist, and doctors in order to achieve a big experiment where brains of participants that claimed to be in love or hear... .... New Scientist , 36-38. Fisher, H. (2004). Why we love (1era ed.). new york, USA: Henry holt. Meyer, B. (11 de feb de 2009). Science of romance: Brain have a love circuit. Recuperado el 4 de oct de 2011, de www.cleveland.com: http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/02/science_of_romance_brains_have.html Miller, T. (29 de dic de 2009). Factoidz.com. Recuperado el 3 de oct de 2011, de The chemistry behind a fool love.: http://factoidz.com/why-love-makes-us-act-so-irrational-the-chemistry-behind-a-fool-in-love/ inforefuge.com. (n.d.). Recuperado el 5 de oct de 2011, de The Science of Smell: http://www.inforefuge.com/science-of-smell-conclusion Rooks, P. (2009). the science of love. skeptic , 15, 73-75. DiscoveryNetworks. (13 de feb de 2009). Science of Sex Appeal. ForumNetwork. (21 de sep de 2009). Helen Fisher. This is your brain on love .

Christianity, the True Religion Essay -- Religion Christian Jesus

Christianity, the True Religion I was raised Catholic, at the insistance of my parents. After many years of drinking and partying, I got very bored and thought, Is this ALL there is to life?!?! I thought, If there really IS any truth to a life after death, I should at least TRY to find the answer. I started to do some research on science and religion to see if I could come up with any TRUTH about the meaning of life. In school, I was taught that mankind was evolving and getting better, but it didnt appear that way to me. It SEEMED as though modern science had proven that God didnt exist. As I did more research on my own, I found out that this just isnt the case. I learned that the Universe and ALL matter have a DEFINITE beginning. Most atheists and re-incarnationists believe that the Universe has ALWAYS existed, but this contradicts the fact. Cause and effect tells us that the Universe must have been caused. It is logical to believe that an invisible, non-material God had caused the beginning of the Universe. Some think that aliens and U.F.O.s have something to do with our existence, but even if they DID exist, THEY would need a beginning as well! The evolutionists believe that evolution is a FACT, and that the fossil record PROVES it. I learned that neither evolution NOR creation are FACTS, they are only THEORIES! There is NO way to PROVE either one because they CANNOT be re-created in a lab experiment. Whatever THEORY you believe, you MUST believe by FAITH. I learned that when something dies, it does NOT become a fossil, it rots away VERY quickly. Fossils are formed by RAPID burial and destruction , NOT over SUPPOSED billions of years! What the fossil record DOES prove, is that there was a TERRIBLE global disaster. Scattered across mountain tops all over the world are fossils of both modern & extinct ocean and land creatures ALL MIXED TOGETHER. This fact can ONLY be explained by a RECENT Creation and a WORLDWIDE FLOOD, and NOT by evolution. I thought that evolution was true just because the majority accepted it. The MAJORITY also used to believe that the Earth was FLAT!!! Then I was confused about all the different religions out there. Which God should I serve?!?! Does it REALLY matter as long as I am sincere and a GOOD PERSON I thought, What if I am sincerely WRONG!?!? I started to do some more research to try to find the TRUTH. ... ...ask questions. I am just writing this paper because I was SO surprised that I was able to find REALLY satisfying answers to all my questions, when I thought that no one could EVER really know the TRUTH for sure. I read some books on life after death and re-incarnation by people who have CLAIMED to have died. Then I thought If these people were REALLY dead, then they STILL would be!! I DONT expect anyone to just believe me or this paper, but I would HOPE that this article would at LEAST make people think about all of this on their OWN and do some of their OWN investigating!! I just wanted to share what I have learned and to give people a head start. I know how difficult it is to listen to someone else tell you about their religion, I was there. It all seemed so confusing to me, at first. Since Ive done all this research, I KNOW that the Bible is TRULY Gods Word to all mankind, and I believe it. I pray that THE LORD JESUS CHRIST uses this paper to open up the minds and hearts of everyone who reads this so that they may be saved from an eternity separated from GOD and in hell. Eternity is a loooong time to gamble with. If you died right now, do you know where YOU would go !?!?!

Explain the Centrality of the Dreaming and Its Importance for Aboriginal Spirituality

Explain the centrality of the Dreaming and its importance for Aboriginal spirituality. The Aboriginal Dreaming refers to the religious and spiritual beliefs of the aboriginal people of Australia. The dreaming is what they base their traditional lives around, the dreaming determines their values and beliefs and their relationships with the animals, plants and environment around them. The Dreaming tells the stories that explain their views and beliefs on how the world came to be and its history and the totems which represent each historical factor of the dreaming. The dreaming stories explain how the Spirit Ancestors made the trees, rocks, waterholes, and rivers, mountains and stars as well as the animals and plants, and which spirits represent each of these things along with the other living features in the land. Views on life and death: The aboriginal people believe that there is no heaven or hell after death they believe that they came from the land and once they die they return to the land. Their belief system is based on past, present and future. The past makes it possible to live in the present, and without the past or present there is no future. There are two types of dreaming: ‘the’ dreaming and ‘my’ dreaming, the dreaming is the history but my dreaming is the connection to a life form or totem eg. Crocodile or eagle which connects ‘my’ dreaming to ‘the’ dreaming because of those totems being symbols in ancient rituals. Dreaming stories: The Dreaming stories are of great importance to the aboriginal people in terms of the dreaming because they are the history books verbally, they tell the stories in detail of how the earth came to be from the ancestors and spirits who created the land who created them. The dreaming stories tell what each spirit was able to create and how it happened for example the rainbow serpent or how the moon got in the sky. These stories have been passed on for millions of generations. These stories were either told by the elders or were found in the aboriginal are of cave painting, these cave paintings had the same effect as the spoken, these traditional art forms also tell a story of how something came to be from the spirits and the ancestors. Rituals and ceremonies: The aboriginal people believe that in performing rituals such as carobories tells stories of the spirits forming into what they represent such as the emu or kangaroo. These sacred dances are performed on the coming of age ceremonies and many other significant occasions. The sites where these ceremonies are performed are sacred and can only be accessed by certain groups, women and elders and only for the purpose of initiation. Aboriginal art: The traditional aboriginal art depicts places, events and dreaming ancestors, also incorporating actual events, whereas the temporary was only for initiation ceremonies and funerals. The aboriginal art opens up ways of communicating the close relationship between the ancestral beings and the laws, views, values, ceremonies and obligations of the people. They enable understanding and knowledge within a community and also partcially the outside world. Connections with the land: The land is the centre of aboriginal spirituality, it is the core of their religion. The land is the people and the people are the land. The land is where they believe the ancestors are. To aboriginals their â€Å"god† is not one singular god up in the sky but many ancestors that are part of the earth and formed and are part of everything natural that is seen today. They believe that the ancestors came through the earth and formed mountains and ridges, rivers and lakes, the sky and the dirt, they are everything and the land is their form of communication with the people, they live in a symbiotic relationship. The land dwells from them and they dwell from the land, they work together to keep the other alive and strong. In conclusion, the centrality of the aboriginal dreaming and its importance to the people is based on the land, the rituals and cerimonies, the understanding that they have a strong relationship with the ancestors and the basis of past, present and future. These are all important because they are the basis of life for the aboriginal people and without this they would not live the traditional lifestyle with all the same customs, they would have no dreaming and no core beliefs that give them the power to respect their land. Resources: Class notes. Previous knowledge. Living religion- third edition. Jannet Movissey, Peter mudge, Adam Taylor, Greg Bailey, Paul Rule. Pearsons education Australia; 2005. Pgs. 11-19.

Describe the Terms and Conditions of Own Contract of Employment Essay

My contract of employment covers Job Location, as regards to where I am based in my employment. A job description, which describes the duties and responsibilities of my post. Continuous service, this is my start date for the company even if in a different role. Criminal records bureau checks, this just states that the post is subject to a CRB check. Probationary period, this confirms length of probationary period , what is expected of you within that period and also what happens at the end of the probationary period. Pay, This describes how much I will be paid, any enhancements, pay scale and possible pay rises dependant on gaining certain qualifications. Payroll procedures, this describes how I will be paid, how often and when i will be paid, pay slip information, about the company’s rights to make deductions if over paid or if you left and owed holiday/money for training or crb and about advising the company of any change in personal details. Hours, this is brief information on hours I am expected to do and break entitlements. Holidays, describes my holiday entitlement, how to book it and when the leave year commences and ends. Notice period, information on length of notice needed to terminate employment by myself or company. Training, states that you are required to attend mandatory training and about the possibilities of further training. Sickness arrangements, details the procedure to follow if you are ill and statutory sick pay entitlements. Confidentiality, explain the need for confidentiality due to sensitive nature of the business whilst in service and after leaving. Data protection, informs of the need for the company to hold personal information on you.

The Development of the Western Frontier between 1866 and 1890

The Trans-Mississipi west comprises the region that spans from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains (Client file, n. pag. ). It is estimated to be 1,000 miles long from east to west and is about 1,500 miles from north to south (Client file, n. pag. ). The Trans-Mississippi west (also known as the Great Plains, the Western Frontier or the prairie) was inhabited by more than 300,000 Native Americans, collectively referred to as the Plains Indians (Client file, n. pag. ). Prior to the Civil War, the Western Frontier was largely unpopulated by pioneers (although it was under the control of the United States government through the Louisiana Purchase in 1803) (Client file, n. pag. ). Some wagon trains did pass through the area en route to Oregon or California, but these were able to do so unmolested (in sharp contrast to Hollywood films) (Client file, n. pag. ). In return, the payment of tributes in the form of clothing, jewelry, metal utensils or other items desired by the tribes was required (Client file, n. ag. ). However, the Homestead Act of 1862 (passed during the Civil War) encouraged emigration to the Western Frontier (Client file, n. pag. ). Under the act, settlers can avail of a 160-acre parcel of land for a small filing fee worth $10 (Client file, n. pag. ). In addition, they can obtain the full title to the land within five years if they were able to make significant improvements on it (planting crops, building houses, raising livestock, etc. ) (Client file, n. pag. ). As a result, homesteaders, miners and ranchers trespassed on Indian lands and threatened the Plains Indians' hunting and way of life (Client file, n. pag. ). This left the Plains Indians with no other choice but to use armed resistance (Client file, n. pag. ). The hostilities between the Plains Indians and the US Cavalry (called on by the settlers to crush Indian opposition and to confine tribes in government-controlled reservations) that ensued were eventually called the Western Indian Wars (1866-1890) (Client file, n. ag. ). Despite the attractive terms of the Homestead Act of 1862, around 60% of emigrants gave up on their homesteads before the end of the five-year period (Client file, n. pag. ). Reasons for doing so included lack of water supply, Indian attacks, harsh winters, soil that was unfit for planting and sometimes-deadly conflicts with ranchers, who saw homesteads as a hindrance to cattle grazing (Client file, n. pag. ). On the other hand, those who remained endured extre me hardships just to survive. They worked very hard under sub-zero winters and summers that often reached more than a hundred degrees Fahrenheit (Client file, n. pag. ). Unable to afford houses made of wood, they lived in houses built of sod and dirt (Client file, n. pag. ). They also experienced infestations of locusts, which would eat their crops, as well as the drapes of their houses and their clothing (Client file, n. pag. ). Adding to their list of burdends were natural disasters such as storms and tornadoes (Client file, n. pag. ). The homesteaders' privations were so great that History professor Frederick Jackson Turner hypothesized in his thesis in 1890 that â€Å"much of America's free and democratic spirit was forged by the existence of an open frontier to the west† (Client file, n. pag. ). Another important advancement in the Western Frontier was the Transcontinental Railroad. The absence of a railway system in the region isolated Oregon and California (already states) from the rest of the US – they stood alone at the edge of the country and were accessible only by wagon train, ship or boat (Client file, n. ag. ). President Abraham Lincoln and the US Congress backed a railroad act which authorized the presence of a railroad across the continent, but it was not implemented until the end of the Civil War (Client file, n. pag. ). The construction of the railroad started in 1864 – the Union Pacific was built westward from Omaha, Nebraska, while the Central Pacific was erected eastward from Sacramento, California (Client file, n. pag. ). Even if only 40 miles of track were laid by 1865, the pace of the assembly increased at the end of war (Client file, n. ag. ). Majority of the workers that were recruited for the building of the railroad were from minority groups such as blacks, Mexicans, Asians and Irish (Client file, n. pag. ). Despite delays in construction (storms, harsh winters, occasional Indian attacks, migration of large buffalo herds, etc. ), the Transcontinental Railroad was finally completed at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869 (Client file, n. pag. ). The Transcontinental Railroad boosted commerce in the Western Frontier, particularly the cattle industry (Client file, n. pag. ). Even though the cattle industry was already a major part of the western economy, the lack of transportation hindered its expansion into the eastern part of the US (Client file, n. pag. ). Hence, the development of railroads in the Western Frontier (along with entrepreneurs such as Joseph McCoy, who promoted beef as tasty and healthy) increased the demand for beef in the east (Client file, n. pag. ). Cowboys would drive large herds of cows from Texas and New Mexico to â€Å"railheads† – towns on or near the rail line, such as Dodge City, Abilene, Wichita and Colorado Springs (Client file, n. ag. ). Once in the â€Å"railheads,† the cattle would be kept in large pens or yards, where they would be fattened for market in the east (Client file, n. pag. ). During this time, a cowboy was paid usually around $25-$30 per month (Client file, n. pag. ). â€Å"Railheads† (also known as â€Å"railhead towns† or â€Å"cow towns†) became prosperous not only because of the cattle industry, but also because of saloons or â€Å"dance halls,† where cowboys spent their money on liqour, gambling and women (Client file, n. pag. ). It is likewise the saloon that gave â€Å"railheads† their reputation for lawlessness (Client file, n. pag. ). But it must be noted that this image was largely seen only in Hollywood films (Client file, n. pag. ). For one, most â€Å"railheads† were strict when it comes to gun control (Client file, n. pag. ). Gun control laws in â€Å"railheads† were enforced by tough sheriffs or marshalls with shotgun-toting deputies – one gun control law that they strictly implemented was that cowboys should surrender their guns to them while they were in town (Client file, n. pag. ). In addition, the saloon area in a â€Å"railhead† was usually located in the opposite direction of the â€Å"respectable† side of the town to minimize the possibility of untoward incidents (Client file, n. pag. ). Lastly, contrary to Hollywood films, cowboys were not hardened criminals but â€Å"just regular and adventurous young men letting off steam after several months of hard work† (Client file, n. pag. ). Most gunfights â€Å"were spontaenous events in a saloon or in the street between angry or drunken men who had not been relieved of their guns† (Client file, n. pag. ). They usually fought over â€Å"poker-related disputes, a woman, a perceived insult or some ongoing enmity between long-time adversaries† (Client file, n. pag. ). In most â€Å"railheads,† the murder rate was â€Å"acutally lower than the murder rate of many large American cities in the latter half of the twentieth century† (Client file, n. pag. ). Furthermore, extensive research has proven that in the period between 1870-1900, only five gun duels occurred in the entire Western Frontier (Client file, n. pag. ). It is true that emigration led to the development of the Trans-Mississipi west. However, it must be kept in mind that this progress did not come without a price – the Western Indian Wars killed around 1,000 US Cavalry soldiers and led to the death and enslavement of millions of Plains Indians (McConnell, n. pag. ). It would be fair to say that the circumstances surrounding the expansion of the Trans-Mississipi west became one of the precursors for future instances of US political, economic and military aggression abroad. The strategy remains the same – plunder the country (or in this case, region) as much as you can, fill the people's minds with deceiving propaganda and chop off a few thousand heads when necessary.

Comparison of business system of China and Japan Essay

1. Introduction This research paper will concludes the comparison of similarities and differences of business system in China and Japan. It refers about institutional comparison and clusters and implications for varieties of capitalism and business systems theory by Michael A Witt and Gordon Redding and another one ‘s author is Zhang X & R Whitley : Changing Macro-structural Varieties of East Asian Capitalism. In general, because China and Japan both Asian country so that this two countries has many similar aspects such as culture, food, history†¦in the other hand there are exists differences between them. 2.Comparison of similarities The countries of China and Japan share numerous similarities other than their geographical proximity. They both have established extremely rich cultures and great senses of national identity.Their histories have crossed paths during several periods since both civilizations have existed for such a long times. The countries also share similar religions and value systems, which have influenced each other. In terms of Japan’s economic culture is the  idea that the firm exists to keep people employed, and that return on capital for advantage of shareholders is not a primary rationale for economic action. A casual review of publications suggests that most of the research in the field has focused on advanced industrialized nations in the West and, to a lesser extent(e.g.Berger &Dore,1996;Orr et al,1997:Redding 1990;Whitley,1992). At the same time,it implies that many questions remain fully or partially unanswered, and the field, wild open for further exploration.Whitley’s(1999) account of the emergence of six major business-system types likewise incorporates the role of culture, in the form of shared beliefs about authority, trust, and communitarian ideals. While he underlines that institutions mediate both trust and authority, the narratives included in his illustrate how cultural and historical forces lead to the emergence of some institutions. The similarities between Japan and China didn’t just happen on their own. When ambassadors from Japan visited Tang dynasty China in the 7th century, they found an empire that was much larger, wealthier and more unified politically than their own nation. When they returned home and reported what they’d seen, the Japanese imperial court became so enthusiastic about Chinese culture that they built a new capital city at Nara in imitation of the Tang capital at Chang’an. Between the years 710 and 794, the Japanese emperors reorganized the country and its legal system based on Chinese models. They also encouraged the adoption of Chinese philosophical and religious ideas. The connections between Japanese and Chinese culture began in this time period. China and Japan have both been strongly influenced by the philosophy of Confucius, who taught a system of thought based on the importance of relationships and educational achievement. In both China and Japan, parents tend to push their children to study hard because academic achievement is so closely tied to future economic success. The Confucian emphasis on relationships has also influenced both countries, but in slightly different ways. In China, people tend to be loyal to their family relationships more than to any other personal connection. In Japan, on the other hand, people are encouraged to be loyal to whatever group they belong to, such as the company they work for. Most people probably think of Zen Buddhism as being characteristically Japanese, but Zen was actually borrowed from the Ch’an sect of Chinese Buddhism. Several of the major Buddhist sects in Japan have Chinese origins.  For instance, Japanese Tendai Buddhism was based on Chinese T’ien Tai Buddhism, and the Kegon sect was founded by a Chinese immigrant during the Nara period. Defining features of traditional Japanese culture such as the tea ceremony developed through the influence of Chinese Ch’an on Japanese Zen. Japanese artists borrowed themes and techniques from the Chinese for centuries. For example, the Japanese painter Ike Taiga based his 18th-century ink paintings on Chinese instructional manuals. Japan also borrowed the use of Chinese characters, but had to modify them due to the great differences between the two languages. Shodo, or traditional Japanese calligraphy, uses Chinese characters to express the artist’s emotional and spiritual state. Although traditional Japanese artistic styles show clear Chinese influences, they are also distinct from Chinese styles. For instance, though the Japanese admired classical Chinese poetry, they also invented their own poetic forms such as the waka and haiku. 3.Comparison of differences Despite all of similarities the recent history of these two countries has caused them to diverge into two very distinct modern civilizations. A great factor in this divergence is the extreme differences in the evolution of each country’s economic policy. For China, philosopher Confucious developed a pattern of thought which was key informing a sense of national identity. His ideas have had a profound impact on the evolution of Chinese culture, government, and economics. â€Å"He believed in and practiced the highest standards of morality, yet did it all in the spirit of moderation and harmony so admired by the Chinese.† (Morton, 33). Although his ancestors may have been aristocracy, Confucious was born into a rather plebeian family in 551 B.C. He wanted to eliminate the moral relativism of his time. â€Å"In contrast to the spirit of Confucious’s age and to the behavior of those addicted to the pursuit of selfish whims, the gentleman must banish from his conduct and even from his manner or expression anything savoring of violence, arrogance, or impropriety.†(Morton, 37). Confucious stressed five virtues: humanity, courtesy, honesty, knowledge, and integrity. This laid the foundation for a restructuring of the Chinese moral value system. This foundation still lies under present day China’s heightened sense of morality. While Confucious’ teachings may have helped structure a stronger  moral code in China, it may have actually hindered the evolution of Chinese economics.First Confucianism stressed agriculture while giving commerce an inconsequential role.Also, Confucianism saw profit-making as a selfish endeavor making competition in markets almost sinful. The way of life prescribed by Confucious included renouncing assets and pursuing the Way.All of these aspects of Confucious’ thought contributed to the inept economy preceding the revolution in China. On the other hand, Japan’s value system was formed with an inherent emphasis on refined work ethic. This value worked to help rather than hinder Japan’s evolution into an Economic Power in the modern world. The aforementioned sense of loyalty to work stems from an internalized sense of responsibility in Japanese citizens to work for one another’s well-being. â€Å"Here, more than in the family, work is self –validating in the sense of affirming one’s personal achievement and maturity, and in validating one’s belonging and participation in a social group.†(Eisenstadt, 538). When they are away from their work, they identify themselves as part of their company different to others who work elsewhere. In this way work is another family- type unit to which the citizen belongs and gains a sense of identity from. Since family and work are so similarly structured in life, individuals cannot help but equate to some degree their sense of membership to each and relish their ties to each in a similar manner. The organization and unity of Japanese companies can be seen in rituals performed at work in the morning. The rituals reinforce the collectivity between co-workers and give the group a sense of belonging. Differences between Japanese and Chinese economic statistics can be traced to the different economic systems employed by each country. For example, the GDP real growth rate in China was about 8%, while in Japan it was 1.3% both for year 2000. (1) Saving is mostly an individual decision under a market capitalism system similar to Japan’s. When this decision is left up to the individuals in the economy it usually results in a lower savings rate and, in turn, investment than under a mixed socialist system like China’s.Chinese government has the ability to control investment rate unlike the capitalist system which deflates the role of government in economic activity. The discrepancy between these two countries in terms of GDP real growth can also be the result of Japan’s extreme growth in past decades and its leveling off. China on the other hand still has much room for economic  growth even though they too have experienced impressive growth. Economic systems’ impact on hard data can also be seen within China’s history.Japan has shown the advantages of the capitalist system in trying to recover from its late 90s recession. According to the mofa internet source, Japan has helped create new businesses and industries through deregulation. (2) This shows how the economic system’s flexibility allows for further gradual decentralization. China’s reforms have come through major revolution such as the 1978 revolution which was introduced by government. This is characteristic of socialist economies in which changes begin through government introduced package reform. Japan’s GDP per capita in 2000 was around $24,500 while China’s was around $3600 for the same year. (1) This can be linked to differences in unemployment rates (China’s was more than double that of Japan) especially in China’s expansive rural areas.In 2000, Japan’s inflation rate was negative while China experienced a .4% rate. This shows the socialist economy government’s ability to control rates more effectively. Health is the essential aspect of standard of living. Life expectancy in China is relatively high at 62.3 years (61.2 for males and 63.3 for females). (3) The population control mechanism implemented by government in 1979 which limited each family to one child . This is an example of the socialist economy working positively. The program has dropped China’s population growth to under 1%. Japan maintains the highest life expectancy of 74.5 years (71.9 for males and 77.2 for females). Another new indicator of relative standard of living, the Human Development Index includes several factors such as longevity, education, and economic standard of living in it calculation. Japan ranks 9th,which places it in the high human development category. China ranks 87th placing it in the medium human development category. China scores significantly lower than Japan in the education value of the HDI . Free public schooling through junior high is provided for all children in Japan which could be the reason behind the education discrepancy. Japan’s 99% literacy rate is one of the highest in the world.The Chinese government implemented a minimum standard of living program in the 1990s. This is similar to a social security program and helps poverty stricken citizens in urban areas. This system exemplifies the socialism within the economy. In 2000 an extension of the program offered unemployment insurance and pension for retired workers. China also increased  investment education, libraries, museums and broadcasting stations. In summarize,although these countries share many things such as geographical location, major religions, philosophies,etc.they have diverged partly due to the different economic systems they have employed thr oughout their histories. Both countries have enjoyed tremendous growth in the second half of the twentieth century but their modes have been very different. Japan utilized a market capitalism which was introduced by America after World War II. This has led to a present day Japanese culture which in many ways is very similar to American culture. They have a desire for material wealth, value-added goods and leisure. Hopefully they will not lose their rich culture and tradition in the midst of economic growth.China has taken a more conservative approach and has moved from planned socialism under Mao Zedong towards a functional market socialism.These countries exhibit the impact of an economic system on the people within a country as well as its impact on economic growth. References Witt, M & G Redding (2013). Asian Business Systems: Institutional Comparison, Clusters and Implications for Varieties of Capitalism and Business Systems Theory Zhang, X & R Whitley (2013). Changing Macro-structural Varieties of East Asian Capitalism Eisenstadt, S. N. Japanese Civilization. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. Morton, Scott W. China Its History and Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, Gordon Redding , Michael Witt (2008).China’s Business System and its Future Trajectory

Risk & Return Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk & Return - Assignment Example The term business risk is used to refer to the uncertainty associated with the future projections or expectations that company holds in relation to the returns from the business (Besley, 2008). This risk is calculated either on the basis of assets or it may be calculated in terms of equity. In other words an organization tries to identify the return or loss it will face by investing a certain amount of money in assets or the return the company will gain by investing money that it has obtained through the measure of equity financing. If an organization does not obtain money from external sources and only obtains money from internal shareholders, the business risk is calculated in terms of the risks associated with organization’s own operations. The level of business risk an organization experiences is dependent on the stability of its operations. A business is said to have stable operation when organization experiences a steady flow of sales and purchases over a long period of time and there are lower chances that there will be any changes in these trends. A business is said to have unstable operations when the demand and supply of that business is difficult to predict or keeps on changing. For example: a power supplying monopoly is said to have lower risk of business since it is the only supplier and consumers do not have different options to choose from so its sales may not decline or fluctuate in the long run. A business that has stable operations is said to have lower business risk because it can easily meet its debt requirements in future through its sales and returns. On the other hand, a business that is unstable may not be able to meet its debt requirements on time and that is why such a business is said to have a higher business risk. An organization’s financial is risk is denoted as the risk that an organization experiences other than its business risk and is

Corporate Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Ethics and Responsibilities - Essay Example The result is efficient employment of resources, and the mutual satisfaction of all parties – essentially the natural behaviour of free market forces. Viewed from the utilitarian theory, what should prevail is the greatest good for the greater number. In this case, were capital to be exported from a capital-rich to a capital-needy country, then everybody benefits. The destination country and the corporation benefitted will be able to employ the capital in increased production which will increase employment and provision of goods and services. The investing company will earn income on what would otherwise have been idle funds, and the source country will earn through an increase in duties from exports, or taxes from income abroad. Viewed this way, it is a win-win proposition. Finally, from the libertarian point of view, the choice to export and receive capital to and from other countries is a matter of choice, and the parties involved should be free to choose how to come to terms about the exchange in capital. On the other hand, probably the only drawback to the unconstrained exercise of this freedom is the possible exploitation (e.g., through cheap labour, and so forth) of the destination country and its citizens. As long as proper safeguards are installed, however, this should be susceptible to effective regulation. The capital dealt with here is legitimate capital. Where the â€Å"capital† is in the nature of contraband, or are monies that are subject of control under the anti-money laundering laws, then the above discussion does not apply, and such â€Å"capital† should be sequestered. 2. The freedom to export commodities which have been banned from sale in the United States. – This freedom should be exercised under reasonable constraint, depending on the reason for which the ban was imposed.