Contingency leadership theories and contemporary leadership Essay

Contingency leadership theories and contemporary leadership - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the general definition of contingency theories is that it is a class of behavioral theory. More so, contingency theory is a process of trying to identify and measure the conditions under which things or circumstances are likely to occur. These behavioral theories claim that there is no perfect way of organizing a corporation and the organizational structure of the company. An organizational or leadership style that is effective in some situations may differ from other organizations. This is so because organizations are different in structure and size. Therefore, the best way of having an organized organization is contingently depending on the external and internal situation of the company. This is the case because; external environments have numerous impacts on an organization in numerous ways. Critical external factors include the size of the organization, availability, labor markets, cost of capital, competitors, strategies, governme ntal laws and policies, managerial assumptions about employees, technologies used, and other diverse situations. Traditional leadership theories elaborated on leadership as nature borne of individual and established on the impossibility to create such attributes on a grown individual as illuminated by the great man theory, whilst a contrasting theory of the behavioral implicates on the possibility of an individual to be a leader as shown through traits.... Commonly, the contingency, transformational, and transactional approaches derive the best results whenever forecasting on the capabilities of an individual (CDR Associates, 2007:7). However, changes in leadership are continuously emerging because of the dynamics in the environment and acquisition of skill. Authenticity, building of trust and relationships are the modern approaches to effective organizational leadership. The cognitive perspective approach assigns that follower’s posses shared beliefs about a leader’s behaviors and beliefs about their leaders’ behaviors and traits (Gilbert, 2003:443). This influences how the followers encode information about their leaders by targeting the quality of ideas, quantity of speech and leaders ability to open up for friendliness. This means that the leader’s behavior influences his follower’s behaviors who perceive the reflection that leadership offers. Therefore, a leader should have the capability of buil ding up healthy and ethical relationships that would interconnect the personnel to a single group targeting to deliver performances to enhance organizational performances (Gill, 2010:50). The leader should remain emphatic to employees and avoid biases that would divide the employees. In order to ensure that the company performs obligations to the fullest, the leader should bear motivational characteristics and avoid any act that would seem to induce pressure on the personnel (Collins & O'Rourke, 2009:16). Though scholars had their own perspective of leadership, the bottom line of each of them was that every organization despite the size should have an efficient and outstanding leader. This is the case because efficient managerial leadership influences

Analysis Of The Apple Logo

Analysis Of The Apple Logo Conduct an analysis of the organizations logo from the following perspectives: Design Color Message Context and use Source: http://www.blogcdn.com/www.switched.com/media/2008/02/apple-logo-128.png The Apple Logo, designed by Rob Janoff is very much in vogue and needs no glorious introduction whatsoever. The logo is virtually everywhere; on our iPhones, the beloved iPod, MACS, iPad and even subtle product placements in our favorite movies or shows. Not only is Apple technologically forward, but its logo is also the epitome of innovation. The design is simple, minimal and easily readable which makes it uncomplicated; categorically, it succeeds in grabbing the audiences attention. The logo hones a visually appealing apple with a considerable chunk of its right side bitten off. It is platonic on face value, yet mysterious and seductive on the inside. The bite is what adds character to the logo and makes it all the more alluring. Since the last 30 years the conceptualization and design, of the logo remains largely unchanged except variations in its color and just a few alterations per say. The Apple logo is easily the most recognized corporate symbol in the world, chances are there wont be drastic changes any time soon. Jean Louis Gassà ©e, executive at Apple Computer from 1981 to 1990 divulges more on the subject, One of the deep mysteries to me is our logo, the symbol of lust and knowledge, bitten into, all crossed with the colors of the rainbow in the wrong order. You couldnt dream of a more appropriate logo: lust, knowledge, hope, and anarchy. (Quote: Linzmayer, Owen W 2004, Apple confidential 2.0: the definitive history of the worlds most colorful company, 2nd Edition, no. 1, pp. 12) The original Apple logo was designed by Jobs and Wayne in 1976, showing Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. It was inspired by the following quotation, Newton A Mind Forever Voyaging Through Strange Seas of Thought Alone. The organizations name was also incorporated into the original logo. Later it was redesigned in 1977 and if one may say so, immortalized by Janoff with the newer version that we are familiar with today. We have seen numerous variations of the logo in the last years namely the rainbow apple, the aqua colored range and the contemporary metallic-chrome version. There have been a myriad of interpretations and myths as far as the color scheme of the logo is concerned. The rainbow colored apple has been rumored to represent a hippie influence in tandem with the fact that Apple has always branded itself as a cool and hip company that caters to the young and savvy. Designer Rob Janoff explains that the real solid reason for the colored stripes was that the Apple II wa s the first home or personal computer that could reproduce images on the monitor in color. So it represents color bars on the screen. (Raszl, 2009, Interview with Rob Janoff- designer of the Apple logo, Creative Bits, http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo) Other urban legends also conclude that the Apple logo is essentially seen as homage to Alan Turning, the forefather of modern computing, who committed suicide using a cyanide-laced apple. Alan Turning was a homosexual and the rainbow colored stripes was seen as a tribute to gay pride. Some even view the bitten apple as a biblical reference to when Eve bit into the forbidden apple or perhaps even the proverbial bite of knowledge. However, these widely distributed apprehensions are sheer myths and have been romanticized because of the logos appeal. Rob Janoff sets the record straight, When I explain the real reason why I did the bite its kind of a letdown. But Ill tell you. I designed it with a b ite for scale, so people get that it was an apple not a cherry. Also it was kind of iconic about taking a bite out of an apple. Something that everyone can experience. It goes across cultures. If anybody ever had an apple he probably bitten into it and thats what you get. It was after I designed it, that my creative director told me: Well you know, there is a computer term called byte. And I was like: Youre kidding! So, it was like perfect, but it was coincidental that it was also a computer term. (Raszl, 2009, Interview with Rob Janoff- designer of the Apple logo, Creative Bits) A noticeable feature about the logo in terms of proportion and texture is its solid shape and a clearly differentiated outline which exudes power. In short, the apple means business and demands to be taken seriously! Close attention has been paid to detail and there is no textual clutter. Its easy on the eye and does not give way to any visual dirt or jargon so to speak. It is interesting to note that the Apple Company does not use its name in its logo and this unconventional approach actually works for them. A logo sans the brand name is much bolder and continues to have a strong presence in a plethora of other rival companies. Furthermore, the apple on a plain white background adds an element of distinctiveness and the contrast speaks volume in terms of shape-recognition. The graphics have witnessed a few changes here and there by making the logo more symmetrical and yet never losing its essence. There are no visible fonts in the official Apple logo and there seems no particular ne ed for one either because of its mass popularity. Apple boasts massive brand awareness without even using the company name in its logo and has dominated the international market with the aid of this cutting-edge design alone. Recently, Apple has opted for white and raw-aluminum color schemes. The revamped glass-themed logo that first appeared on the Mac OS X Panther in 2003 and later on the iPhone, iPod Touch, iPod Nano, Video iPod etc is revolutionary and refreshing. It has no rainbow colors in its new design, is elegant and poised in stature. These tweaks have managed to sustain Apples position as a frontrunner and keeping up-to-date with the consumers tastes and preferences. Apple Computers brand image transcends cultures and continents. The Apple is considered an elite yet attainable product. We all wanted to get our hands on the iPhone when it first came out irrespective of our geographical constraints and earlier the iPod was on everyones wish-list. Thats the beauty of Apple. Their marketing strategy and creative approach is almost impeccable. The Apple logo is not just a corporate identity anymore; but it has also hinged its way well into global popular culture. Why else would it be considered fashionable to wear the bitten apple on their daily apparel by loyal customers and going to extreme lengths by endorsing the logo by having it tattooed on their bodies? The Apple logo appears on all Apple products including computers, laptops, iPods, Macintosh, QuickTime etc. Apple products have unexpectedly popped up innumerable times on media channels as an ideal trick for product placements. The edible apple has been a regular on popular shows like Sex and t he City, Heroes, The Office, Entourage, CSI NY, House, 24 and The O.C to name a few. Apple has however repeatedly denied any claims that they pay for product placements which could only mean that Apple gives away its products for usage to certain production houses. Similar patterns of supporting shiny MacBooks and iPods can be viewed on the big screen including new releases like Wall-E, Toy Story 3, Wall Street 2, Kick Ass and Book of Eli. Hence, Hollywoods growing relationship with Apple is headed towards a lifetime romance and is one the reasons why the logo is so popular and inadvertently the products deemed as chic. Examples of Product Placements. The intimacy between Apple and its logo is legendary. Despite its humble beginnings, Apple has materialized as quite the sensation ever since its inception. Avant garde campaigns like Think Different and out of the box creativity have made the infamous gnawed apple timeless for all times to come. Apple understands its consumers needs and the universally recognizable logo is the perfect testament to what the company has achieved over the years after its initial years as a failing company to being the big gun it is today. No company vouches such hearty endorsements and positive responses by consumers like Apple does. The chucked fruit is here to stay and then some!

Continuous Emotional Response to the Audio, Visual, and Audiovisual Cha

Television messages can be defined a psychological stimulus (A. Lang, 2000). Within this perspective, mediated messages are assumed to be environmental stimuli that posses survival relevance in the forms of valence and arousal in its content (A. Lang & Friestad, 1993; Wang & A. Lang, 2006). Therefore, mediated messages automatically activate the human motivational systems. Through activating the human motivational system, mediated messages influence human’s ongoing emotional experience (A. Lang, 2006a). Television messages are composed of two streams of variously redundant information, one audio and one video (A. Lang, 2000). These streams of information are continuous, and both the audio and the video channels carry story, content (including motivational significance), and structural information (Basil, 1994a; A. Lang, 2000; Thorson, Reeves, & Schleuder, 1985). Visual channel carries the context in which the story is set; it can include still pictures, moving pictures, text, live action images, animated images, or a combination of these. The auditory channel serves the script or storyline of a television program; it can also have natural sound information, or sound effects (A. Lang, 2006a; Russell, 2002). Regarding the television research under the LC4MP paradigm, it have been discussed the relationship between emotional audiovisual content, emotional experience, and cognitive response. Studies have proved viewers have better memory for arousing or negative audiovisual content (Grabe, A. Lang, & Zhao, 2003; A. Lang et al., 1996). On the other hand, researches also point out that the structural feature in audiovisual messages like fast edits (A. Lang, Zhou, Schwartz, Bolls, & Potter, 2000) or fast pacing (A. Lang, Bolls, Pott... ...teractively activate the motivational systems and determine emotional experience. This study will represent a first to address this important issue. Because the emotional relevance of mediated messages activate the human motivational systems (A. Lang et al., 2007; A. Lang, Shin, & Lee, 2005), it is important to develop understanding of the influence of various channels or modalities on motivational activation and emotional experience. By advancing understandings of motivational activation stands to contribute to knowledge about cognitive processing of information in mediated messages. Automatic allocation of processing resources to cognitive processing of information in audiovisual messages depends largely on motivational activation (A. Lang et al., 1999; A. Lang, Dhillon, & Dong, 1995; A. Lang et al., 1996; A. Lang, Park, Sanders-Jackson, Wilson, & Wang, 2007).

Proposal: Music of Morocco and Party People Essay

This sample proposal was created using Proposal Pack Events #2. In the retail Proposal Pack you get the entire collection of sample proposals (including this one) plus over a thousand editable templates for creating an unlimited variety of custom proposals. Purchase Proposal Pack Events #2 to get this sample’s design theme. The sample below DOES NOT include all of the content. The complete version is included in every Proposal Pack product and must be purchased to see the rest of the material. Read this article to help you create a winning proposal using your Proposal Pack and this sample: HOW TO WRITE AN EVENT PLANNER PROPOSAL Your proposal and quote could be just a couple pages long or over a hundred pages long depending on your needs, all created with one affordable Proposal Pack. PDF samples are not editable. You MUST buy a retail Proposal Pack for the editable templates. Lori Parsons Executive Services Director St. Adrian Hospital 566 Alberta Street Boise, ID 83703 Dear Ms. Parsons, Thank you for contacting The Party People to host the party for your charity benefit auction. We’re very excited to be a part of this important event and we are sure that we can provide a tasteful yet fun evening for all the attendees. I’m sure you are aware of our stellar reputation and equally impressive attention to detail. I think we can set the mood of the benefit to be so enjoyable that your patrons will give even more generously to your cause. In fact, we are so thrilled about the possibilities that we are willing to donate the consulting and planning fees with a complete party package (package will include planning, decorations, catering, DJ and open bar for up to 25 people). We truly believe that we can make this even phenomenal. I am available for planning purposes between 8am and 9pm, 7 days a week. Your benefit will be flawlessly planned and executed. I will oversee the entire event, and I will have three assistants on hand to ensure perfection. In addition, we have fully trained, professional wait-staff, excellent catering options, and our own set-up and break-down staff. We will book your musician, and we will coordinate the timing of the evening’s events. And since we know how time-consuming finding donations can be, we further offer to pick-up all of your donations prior to the event. We hope that will allow you more time to find donors. As far as the remainder, the only thing you’ll have to do is give approval for the final party package. From there, we can plan the rest! Our team genuinely looks forward to working with St. Adrian. I have provided for you our services list and several sample themes/packages that I think will work for your benefit. Of course, these ideas are just a starting point. I would love to talk with you further about us making your charity benefit a smashing success! Thank you. Sincerely, Kellie Fuller Lead Consultant The Party People, LLC 1400 Sherman Way Boise, ID 83702 office: 208.935.2245 cell: 208.373.4933 email: kellie@TheBoisePartyPeople.com web: www.TheBoisePartyPeople.com The Party People, LLC 1400 Sherman Way Boise, ID 83702 (PH) 208.935.2245 (FX) 208.935.2246 www.TheBoisePartyPeople.com St. Adrian’s Charity Benefit Prepared for: Lori Parsons Executive Services Director Prepared by: Kellie Fuller Lead Consultant St. Adrian Hospital is in need of party planning services for their charity benefit fundraiser. The Party People can oversee the entire event and provide an atmosphere to facilitate increasing donor contributions. We have assembled a preliminary selection of themes and prices based on our interview. Proposal Number: 54-5945 www.TheBoisePartyPeople.com The Party People will provide the following services to St. Adrian’s. Prices are based on our initial interview and subject to change based on the final packages, options selected and guest counts. Individual Consulting & Planning Kellie Fuller will be your individual consultant, taking care of all your planning needs. She will be available 8am to 9pm, 7 days a week for meetings. Consulting services are provided at no cost to you if you choose to place a deposit for your party. Decorations and Set-Up Kellie will oversee the design, decoration, and set-up of your party, and will coordinate with our set-up staff prior to your party and the day of your party to make sure every detail is taken care of. Choose any of the 3 sample packages below for $800.00. Catering We will provide full catering services for your party. In the event that we are not able to meet your catering desires, we will contract catering with a third party. Buffet for up to 25 people runs $400.00. Open Bar We will provide a 4 hour open bar for your party. In the event that we are not able to meet your catering desires, we will contract catering with a third party. A 4 hour premium stocked open bar for up to 25 people runs $625.00. Music and Entertainment We have extensive lists of the best musicians, bands, and DJs. We will provide contracting and coordination of your music and entertainment needs. Our DJ package runs $700.00. Party Hosting Kellie will attend and oversee your party, along with her three assistants. Any needs that must be met during the party will be taken care of, and she will coordinate scheduling for the entertainment, music, and auction. Cost is covered in the decoration package above. Break-Down and Clean-Up The Party People employs its own crews for these services. You will not have to worry at all about the state of the rented facility when your party is over. We will take care of everything. Cost is covered in the decoration package above. www.TheBoisePartyPeople.com We have included several concept themes based on our understanding of the project and the preliminary event date of late January, early February. These themes are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to be final choices. The themes reflect our desire to create a mood of generosity and to offer you a marketable event wherein patrons will not only purchase auction items, but also be happy to pay the ticket price you have set. We will work closely with you to finalize all concepts before the event. Concept #1: Parisian Our first concept transports your patrons into a relaxing Paris evening. The mood will be set by a darkened room lit only with hundreds of strands of white lights and table candles. Decorations will include trompe l’oeil, wrought iron accents, round tables with white cloths, and elegant centerpieces. The auction tables will be set with raised platters of cheeses, wines, and baked breads, pastries and strawberries, and a five course dinner will include traditional French fare, such as canapes, onion soup, filet mignon, and crà ¨me caramel. A string quartet will play throughout the evening. The theme of this party centers on romance and old-world ideals, setting the mood for carefree relaxation. Concept #2: Moroccan Our second concept transports your patrons into extravagant and elegant Morocco. Luxury fabric panels in a variety of textures will be draped around bamboo screens and paper lights in all colors will fill the room. Guests will be able to choose traditional seating, or floor seating on Moroccan rugs and pillows. The auction tables will be set in a Moroccan bazaar style, with mock tent canopies and beautiful tapestries. Guests will also be able to choose from traditional Moroccan fare, including seafood, curries, and saffron dishes. Food will be served on colorful plates. Musicians will play traditional Moroccan music, setting the mood for this party to be one of extravagance and pleasure. Concept #3: Mardi Gras Our third concept transports your patrons into the full-party atmosphere of a Mardi Gras masked ball. A grand archway flanked by columns draped in purple, green and gold panels will greet guests. Tables will be flamboyantly decorated in the same colors, with fake gold coins strewn over the table linens and hundreds of purple, green and gold balloons obscuring the ceiling. Lighting will come from colored lights, light strands, and a mixture of paper lights. Guests will wear masks and dance to the live jazz band. The auction tables will be set colorfully, with accents of gold throughout, and ribbon columns in the background. Food will include Cajun choices, such as jumbo shrimp and gumbo, and will be served buffet style. The mood of this party will be one of excitement, energy, and fun, without the lewdness. www.TheBoisePartyPeople.com The Party People, LLC’s policies pertaining to our event services are outlined below. Please note that the following policy statements will be included in your final contract with us. Policy: Minimum Guaranteed Headcount/Price This proposal offers you menus from which to select. Although in many cases we offer a per headcount price, in this proposal, the final price for your event will be determined by the menu selections and quantities ordered. However, please be advised that for an event such as yours with meals, catering, entertainment, bartending services, use of rented furniture, decorations and place settings, we require a minimum price of $2000. Policy: Limited Time Offer The prices quoted are guaranteed for sixty days from the date of proposal submission. Policy: Cancellation If you choose to cancel your reservation with us within 30 days of your scheduled event, we will refund 100% of your money. If you cancel within 15 days of your scheduled event, we will refund 50% of your money. If you cancel within 7 days of your scheduled event, we will refund 0%. Policy: Rental/Damage When using our staff to serve at your event, The Party People, LLC covers the cost of insuring rented furniture, decorative items, place settings, and/or cooking and serving equipment. If you choose not to use our staff when renting furniture or other items from us, we require a damage deposit of $500. When rental items are delivered to you, you will also receive a list of items that must be returned, with values for each piece. Your damage deposit will be refunded in full when all listed items have been returned in undamaged condition. Policy: Payment due We require a 50% deposit at the time you contract with us and reserve a date for your event. We will bill you for the remainder of the total cost 30 days before your scheduled event. This remainder is due upon receipt and must be paid in full before the event.

Negative-Positive Restatement Definition and Examples

Corellis Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres Essay - 2332 Words

Corellis Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres Carlo was fighting for Italy, while Mandras was in the Greek army. Both of the characters experienced a lot during the war. Nevertheless everything Mandras and Carlo fought on opposite sides. What does it say about the novels moral scheme, that the sufferings of ordinary people on both sides are recounted in detail? Consider these two characters but also other â€Å"moral† issues raised in the novel so far. Mandras and Carlo fought on opposite sides. Their experiences and feelings through out the war are recounted to the readers in a lot of details. And even though they were â€Å"enemies†, their stories are very similar, as if the author is talking about the same man. This style of†¦show more content†¦I would not desert him [†¦] he would make me an inspired hero. I would have someone to impress, someone whose admiration would give me that which I cannot give myself; esteem, and honour.† (p. 29). He wants to join the army because he is a homosexual and he wants to be able to love and be loved, or the least to be able to impress someone and get his admiration. At the same time Mandras also wants to join the army, and his reasons come from love as well. He wants to go to war, because this way he feels he will be able to do something important, and thus by the end of it, he would be good enough to marry Pelagia. â€Å"I will never be a man until I’ve done something important, something great, something I can live with, something to be esteemed [†¦] no man is a man until he has been a soldier.† (p. 80). As we can see from the quote, Mandras basically wants to gain the same things by joining the army: esteem and honour. He wants to impress people by his actions and show that his life is not pointless, that he risked himself in order to defend his country and its people. The next similarity between the characters is what they have found out about the war, their disappointment and despair. Both of them realised that war is not at all as what they thought it would be. After Carlo and his friend Francesco had their first atrocity, they no longer felt excited by the war. â€Å"We felt no triumph. We felt exhausted andShow MoreRelated Louis de Bernià ¨res Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesLouis de Bernià ¨res Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated manRead MoreCaptain Corelli3725 Words   |  15 PagesCAPTAIN CORELLI’S MANDOLIN TEACHERS’ NOTES This study guide is aimed primarily at students of English Literature, who are studying Louis de Bernià ¨res’s novel Captain Corelli’s Mandolin in the second year of Advanced GCSE studies but will be useful for any students wishing to look at the way in which a novel is adapted for the screen. The guide focuses on the following areas: From novel to screen: Narrative adaptation Characters Representation of nationalities Representation of war Music LanguageRead More Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Essay873 Words   |  4 Pages Captain Corelli’s Mandolin S U M M A R Y It is 1941, and a young Italian officer, Captain Antonio Corelli,arrives on the beautiful Greek island of Cephallonia as part of an occupying force. He is billeted in the house of the local doctor, Iannis and his daughter Pelagia. He quickly wins the heart of Pelagia through his humour and his sensitivity, not to mention his stunning ability on the mandolin. But Pelagia is engaged to Mandras, a local fisherman who is away fighting with the Greek armyRead MoreEssay on Louis de Bernieress Captain Corelli’s Mandolin1053 Words   |  5 PagesLouis de Bernieress Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Louis de Bernieres uses three principal techniques to portray the effects of war so powerfully in his book. These techniques are the powerful narrative, strong pictorial language, and black humour. Above all, the message is conveyed in the narrative, especially when Louis De Bernieres graphically describes the war’s impact on the soldiers who are fighting for their country. At first, the soldiers are united in their fight against the enemyRead MoreThe Two Sides to Every Greek: Hellene vs. Romoi1844 Words   |  8 PagesLouis De Bernieress novel, Corellis Mandolin, is a story about time and change. The story itself explores many aspects of life such as love, betrayal, chaos, tradition, history and numerous other elements that are often warped over time. De Bernieres notes that he tried to be as true to history as possible. But beneath the layers of time, change and history there is another element of Greek culture that parallels the stories within the novel. There is a continuous theme of the conflicting forces

The Battle Of Trenton A Critical Battle - 1518 Words

The Battle of Trenton was a critical battle that took place on 26 December 1776, during the early years of the American Revolutionary War. The battle took place in the township of Trenton, New Jersey between the Continental Army, personally led by Commander-in-Chief, General (GEN) George Washington, and the British contracted Hessian Army, led by Colonel (COL) Johann Rahl. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2013) states that the Battle of Trenton served as the first major American victory in the Revolutionary war. Prior to the Battle of Trenton, American forces had endured nearly constant defeat as the British pushed them from New York and into Pennsylvania. The Continental Congress pleaded for a victory to save the cause. The†¦show more content†¦First and foremost, Washington chose to strike during the heart of winter at a time when most British forces were disengaged from the war effort due to harsh conditions and a perceived sense of inevitable victory. Additi onally, the patriots utilized the element of surprise, by initiating the assault on Christmas night under the cover of darkness and during the middle of a fierce winter snow storm. Washington had purposely released information to British and Hessian forces through double agent operations, which solidified their beliefs that the Continental Army was incapable of launching a strike. The Hessian commander had even received notification from a British spy imbedded within the Continental Army, that an attack was imminent. The Hessian dismissed the importance of the spy’s written report and neglected to read it. Also, it was unknown at the time, but later suspected that the Hessian Army was in a state of inebriation, as a result of Christmas festivities. All of these factors in addition to a lack of consideration by the Hessians for intelligence information set the stage for an American victory. Following being driven out of New York City to the west bank of the Delaware River by British forces during the summer of 1776, American forces were suffering from the effects of physical and psychological defeat. The American army was on the cusp of falling apart all together. In addition to this