Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay Example for Free

Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay As the world is cowering in terror from the 9/11 attacks and the bombing incidents in Indonesia and other parts of the world, the world’s attention is shifted now to where the attacks may occur next and what can be done to address the situation. Some suggest that the answer lies in being able to suppress and perhaps eliminate all of the terrorist cells all over the world. The problem there, however, is that any attack that is targeted at eliminating terrorist cells would necessarily involve any host country where they may be located and in any Middle Eastern country, such an attack could prove disastrous (Campbell Flourney 372). The more practical and ideal solution to this problem therefore lies at a more fundamental level; a more basic level wherein the country has more controls and no international liability (Kochler 37). The solution to this problem is by improving border security in order to prevent the occurrence of these terrorist attacks while the international community seeks for answers to address this problem at a global scale. At this point in time, domestic policies would be the best option in fighting the war against terror. This short discourse will therefore seek to shed light on the issue of terrorism and the crucial role that the border security plays in such. To gain a better understanding of the problem, it is important to first analyze the current trends that have been taken relative to border security to ensure the safety of the public from terrorist attacks. This will then be supplemented by an explanation on how border security can take an even larger role. The most crucial aspect in relation to border security and its role in the war against terror concerns the aviation industry. Since the 9/11 attacks, the public confidence with regard to air travel has greatly been shaken (Taylor 2). The attacks had the effect of sending a message that now, even airplanes could be used as missiles to target buildings regardless of whether there were people on board the aircraft of not. Every plane crash that is reported on the news is suspected to have been caused by a terrorist attack rather than just an equipment malfunction or a pilot error. In response to these attacks, security has been considerably increased in airports all over the world. Every passenger is now subject to a full body search and every hand carried and checked in item is thoroughly inspected for any suspicious objects that can either cause an explosion or aid a hijacker in gaining control over the aircraft (Campbell Flourney 52). The impact has not been limited to airport security as even airplane manufacturers and airlines have resorted to installing devices and taking precautions with regard to what to do in case an airplane is hijacked. One of the safety measures that have been suggested and is highly debated is the issuing of arms for the pilots so that they may be able to defend themselves against any terrorist hijackers that are able to force themselves into the cockpits (Lott 1). The current controversy with regard to airline security concerns the proposal to equip the pilots of airplanes with weapons in order to protect themselves from any hijackers that manage to enter the cockpit (Taylor 2). This proposal is of course faced with a lot of opposition because of the implications of allowing pilots to be armed in aircrafts. There is a lot of concern with regard to the security of the other passengers on board just in case the armed pilots do decide to turn on the other co-pilots and hijack the aircraft themselves or hold passengers as hostages for whatever purpose. The proponents for arming the pilots argue that it is the best option because the pilots need to defend themselves against the terrorist hijackers (Keeler 151). The problem with this is that it negates the training of the pilots which is that in times such as hijackings they are not supposed to deal with the terrorists but instead secure the cockpit and land the plane as soon as possible (Will 1). The concern here is that the plane should be landed right away in order to protect not only the passengers but also the people on the ground who may become targets or victims as the 9/11 experience has shown. The duty of the pilot is not concern himself with whatever goes on in the cabin but instead make sure that the plane is safely on the ground where there are more units who can deal with the situation properly. Pilots are not adequately trained to deal with hijacking situations in terms of dealing directly with the terrorist hijackers (Will 1). Another argument for the arming of the pilots is that such a measure is only designed to protect the pilots from terrorist hijackers who succeed in gaining entry into the cockpit (3). While there as some merit to this precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the armed pilots will do just that. There are instances when certain people, pilots included, enter a â€Å"cowboys or renegade† mode (Will 1). Most of the pilots have received a degree of military training as fighter pilots and there is some truth to the profiling of fighter pilots â€Å"live wires and risk-takers† (Will 1). The end result in these situations could be that instead of protecting the cockpit and landing the plane like they are supposed to, a number of these former fighter pilots could engage the terrorist hijackers.

Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Health Models Health And Social Care Essay

Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Health Models Health And Social Care Essay The medical model of health is a negative one: that is, that health is essentially the absence of disease. Despite bold attempts by bodies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) to argue for a definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, most medically related thought remains concerned with disease and illness. -The main point of this model of disease is that it attempts to uncover underlying pathological processes and their particular effects. -The pathologically based and causally specific medical model became increasingly dominant. In the medical model of disease, tuberculosis is defined as a disease of bodily organs following exposure to the tubercle bacillus. The development of the illness involves symptoms such as coughing, haemoptysis (coughing up blood), weight loss and fever. In this model the underlying cause of the illness is the bacillus, and its elimination from the body (through anti-tubercular drugs) is aimed to restore the body to health. -In the case of tuberculosis, the symptoms described above are also found in other diseases, and this problem of linking symptoms to specific underlying mechanisms frustrated medical development. -Today, these are often referred to as forms of complementary medicine herbalism and homeopathy, for example that treat symptoms holistically but do not rest on the idea of underlying, specific pathological disease mechanisms. -The medical model was essentially individualistic in orientation and, unlike earlier approaches, paid less attention to the patients social situation or the wider environment. This narrowing of focus (towards the internal workings of the body, and then to cellular and sub-cellular levels), led to many gains in understanding and treatment, especially after 1941, when penicillin was introduced, and the era of antibiotics began. But it was also accompanied by the development of what Lawrence calls a bounded medical profession, that could pronounce widely on health matters and could act with increasing power and autonomy. Doctors now claimed exclusive jurisdiction (authority) over health and illness, with the warrant of the medical model of disease as their support. This situation meant that modern citizens were increasingly encouraged to see their health as an individual matter, and their health problems as in need of the attention of a doctor. It is this which Foucault (1973) saw as constituting the medical gaze which focused on the individual and on processes going on inside the body its volumes and spaces. Wider influences on health, such as circumstances at work or in the domestic sphere, were of less interest to the modern doctor. This gaze (extended in due course to health-related behaviours) underpinned the development of the modern doctor-patient relationship, in which all authority over health matters was seen to reside in the doctors expertise and skill, especially as shown in diagnosis. This meant that the patients view of illness and alternative approaches to health were excluded from serious consideration. Indeed, the patients view was seen as contaminating the diagnostic process, and it was better if the patient occupied only a p assive role. It is for this reason that the medical model of disease has been regarded critically in many sociological accounts. The power of the medical model and the power of the medical profession have been seen to serve the interests of medical dominance rather than patients needs (Freidson 1970/1988, 2001) and to direct attention away from the wider determinants of health. However, before we proceed, two caveats need to be entered. Whilst medicine in the last 20 years has continued to focus on processes in the individual body, such as the chemistry of the brain or the role of genes in relation to specific diseases, the current context is clearly different from that which existed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Today, in countries such as the UK and the USA, infectious diseases are of far less importance as threats to human health. The biopsychosocial model in medical research: the evolution of the health concept over the last two decades 1. Introduction The traditional biomedical paradigm has its roots in the Cartesian division between mind and body, and considers disease primarily as a result of injury, infection, inheritance and the like. Although this model has been extraordinarily productive for medicine, its reductionistic character prevents it from adequately accounting for all relevant medical aspects of health and illness [1 and 2]. One of the most criticised consequences of adopting the biomedical model is a partial definition of the concept of health. If disease consists only of somatic pathology-or, more strictly and according to the influential work of Virchow [3], cellular pathology-health must be the state in which somatic signs and symptoms are not present. According to this view, the World Health Organization defined health simply as the absence of disease [4]. In his classic papers, Engel [1 and 5] explicitly warned of a crisis in the biomedical paradigm and conceptualised a new model which regards social and psychological aspects as giving a better understanding of the illness process [6]. In recent years, the so-called biopsychosocial model has found broad acceptance in some academic and institutional domains, such as health education, health psychology, public health or preventive medicine, and even in public opinion. It is now generally accepted that illness and health are the result of an interaction between biological, psychological and social factors [7, 8 and 9]. Many authors now include mental and social aspects in their definitions of health [10, 11, 12 and 13]. It might be expected that, in the two decades since Engels call for a biopsychosocial framework, the concept of health implying social and psychological components would also have extended to practical contexts. The purpose of the present study is to find out whether and to what extent the biopsychosocial concept of health has spread among medical researchers. 4. Discussion and conclusions In western culture, at least since the advent of Cartesian dualism, medicine has used a mechanistic approach to human nature and has centred its interest around illness and its signs. -The main reason for the failure of psychological and social measures in the reports examined lies in the still deep-rooted dominance of the biomedical model which, despite the criticism of its reductionism, remains useful and still enables advances in medicine. This dominance has surely been reinforced in recent years because of the push of genetic research and therapies. Perhaps, holistic and biological-reductionistic models should not compete but try to coexist, as two different but not necessarily incompatible possibilities for approaching health questions. The result would be, however, a reduction of biomedical terrain. First, clinical and health psychology have demonstrated their capacity to explain and treat many somatic symptoms. Second, some holistic medical models-such as Traditional Chinese Medicine or Hannemans homeopathy-are gaining ground because of patients who do not find satisfactory solutions in biomedical care. Third, biomedical care implies enormous and rapidly-ri sing costs that are beginning to exceed the budget of the health care systems. 4.2. Practice implications The biopsychosocial model has been successfully applied to obtain a better understanding of the disease processes and their causes [18], and also for public health purposes [19 and 20], or to improve physician-patient relations [21 and 22], but medical practitioners are still reluctant to incorporate it into treatment plans [16]. Holistic approaches remain till now restricted to chronic illness management [23], which is the field of medical care where regaining health, in a biomedical sense, is not the main goal. For the medical practitioner, the difficulties attached to the change from a biomedical to a biopsychosocial model of health can be well understood. First, this change necessarily implies taking into account a much wider spectrum of the factors influencing health and the healing process, which in turn demands greater knowledge and time investment. Second, the new paradigm implies a new style of the patient-doctor relationship, a style which enables, among other things, the doctors attention to the patients psychosocial circumstances, in order to better manage his or her situation, and not only his or her illness. Undoubtedly, this kind of interaction requires a greater effort from practitioners, but also from the health care systems, which should provide the necessary context and resources for it, such as communication skills training, adequate settings, or enough personnel. Despite these hindrances, which will probably continue to relegate the biopsychosocial model to a secondary place in medical practice, the broadening of the doctors perspective to encompass psychological and social aspects would be really beneficial for the patient, since as Engel [24] lucidly pointed out, even though both patient and doctor may culturally adhere to the biomedical model, the patients needs and ultimate criteria are always psychosocial. What Is the Biomedical Model? (wise geec) The biomedical model is a theoretical framework of illness that excludes psychological and social factors. Followers of this model instead focus only on biological factors such as bacteria or genetics. For example, when diagnosing an illness, most doctors do not first ask for a psychological or social history of the patient. The biomedical model is considered to be the dominant modern model of disease. According to this model, good health is the freedom from pain, disease or defect. It focuses on physical processes that affect health, such as the biochemistry, physiology and pathology of diseases. It does not take social or psychological factors into account. The biomedical model is often referred to in contrast with the biopsychosocial model. In 1977, George L. Engel published an article in the well-known journal Science that questioned the dominance of the biomedical model. He proposed the need for a new model that was more holistic. Although the biomedical model has remained the dominant model since that time, many fields, including medicine, nursing, sociology and psychology, use the biopsychosocial model at times. In recent years, some professionals have even begun to adopt a biopsychosocial-spiritual model, insisting that spiritual factors must be considered as well. Proponents of the biopsychosocial model look at biological factors when assessing and treating patients, just like users of the dominant model do. They also look at other areas of patients lives, however. Psychological factors include mood, intelligence, memory and perceptions. Sociological factors include friends, family, social class and environment. Those who examine spiritual factors also assess patients based on their beliefs about life and the possibility of a higher power. Scholars in disability studies describe a medical model of disability that is part of the general biomedical model. In this medical model, disability is an entirely physical occurrence. According to the medical model, being disabled is negative and can only be made better if the disability is cured and the person is made normal. Many disability rights advocates describe a social model of disability, which they prefer. This social model opposes the medical model. In the social model, disability is a difference neither good nor bad. Proponents of the social model see disability as a cultural construct. They point out that a persons experience of disability can decrease through environmental or societal changes, without the intervention of a professional and without the disability being cured. Explain the main determinants of health: age, sex and hereditary factors, lifestyle, housing, social class etc.: The determinants of health Introduction Many factors combine together to affect the health of individuals and communities. Whether people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. To a large extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationships with friends and family all have considerable impacts on health, whereas the more commonly considered factors such as access and use of health care services often have less of an impact. The determinants of health include: the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the persons individual characteristics and behaviours. The context of peoples lives determine their health, and so blaming individuals for having poor health or crediting them for good health is inappropriate. Individuals are unlikely to be able to directly control many of the determinants of health. These determinants-or things that make people healthy or not-include the above factors, and many others: Income and social status higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health. Education low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence. Physical environment safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health. Employment and working conditions people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions Social support networks greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health. Culture customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health. Genetics inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses. Personal behaviour and coping skills balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with lifes stresses and challenges all affect health. Health services access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health Gender Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages. Success of NHS was also its Achilles heel demand increased The scale and nature of the problem: Incidents involving incorrect medication dosage Incidents involving the use of technical procedures A number of women became pregnant following failure of earlier sterilisations which had been carried out by laparoscope (keyhole surgery). The surgeon had attached the sterilisation clips to the wrong part of the Fallopian tube. Incidents involving failures in communication A man admitted to hospital for an arthroscopy (an exploratory operation) on his knees had a previous history of thrombosis (blood clots). This was noted by a nurse on his admission form, but was not entered on the operation form which had a section for risk factors and known allergies. The operation was carried out and the patient was discharged from hospital the same day. Given his history of thrombosis the patient should have been given anticoagulant drugs following his operation, but because his history had not been properly recorded none were given. Two days later he was admitted to the intensive care unit of another hospital with a blood clot in his lungs The impact of adverse events on individuals 2.15 Adverse events involve a huge personal cost to the people involved, both patients and staff. Many patients suffer increased pain, disability and psychological trauma. On occasions, when the incident is insensitively handled, patients and their families may be further traumatised when their experience is ignored, or where explanations or apologies are not forthcoming. The psychological impact of the event may be further compounded by a protracted, adversarial legal process. Staff may experience shame, guilt and depression after a serious adverse event, which may again be exacerbated by follow-up action. [20,21] 2.16 The effect of adverse events on patients, their families and staff is not sufficiently appreciated and more attention should be given to ways of minimising the impact of adverse events on all those involved. These issues, while of great importance, cannot be fully addressed within this report and may require separate attention, though we made some limited comment in the context of our discussion on litigation in chapter 4. Conclusion Information on the frequency and nature of adverse events in the NHS is patchy and can do no more than give an impression of the problem.   Information from primary care is particularly lacking; The financial costs of adverse events to the NHS are difficult to estimate but undoubtedly major probably in excess of  £2 billion a year; There is evidence of a range of different kinds of failure, and of the recurrence of identical incidents or incidents with similar root causes; Case studies highlight the consequences of weaknesses in the ability of the NHS as a system to learn from serious adverse events; There is a need for further work focusing specifically on how the impact of adverse events on patients, their families and staff can be minimised. From the cradle to the grave, increasing aging population etc: Britains population is ageing fast, with statisticians predicting a huge increase in the number of 100 year olds by the next century. With people living longer and longer because of medical and other advances, health experts believe the number of people suffering from debilitating conditions such as cancer and heart disease will grow and could mean a rising demand for nursing care. Health experts are worried that as people get older, they could become prone to an increasing number of debilitating conditions if they do not keep active. The WHO has launched a campaign to promote good health in old age. Doctors in the UK say people have an over-gloomy picture of old age and that there is no reason why they should have a lower quality of life than other people if they keep healthy. People do have anxiety that there will be a period of disability at the end of their lives. But there is no evidence that that is the case if they are encouraged to live a healthy life and this generation of elderly people are in better nick than the previous generation. Beating the ageing process Organisations which campaign for the elderly are in favour of policies which support old people to be as independent as possible and allow them more choice and power over their future. They say cuts in local authority and health budgets mean services like home helps have been whittled (cut) away. Without a boost in those services which support independence, there is likely to be increasing pressure on those that cater for dependence: our hospitals, nursing and residential homes. The organisation wants a national strategy which sets a framework that encourages independence and inclusion. It says that such a strategy would be much cheaper than putting people into care homes. They want to see a wider debate on issues such as who funds long-term care, rationing of care particularly in the light of increasing technological change, and health promotion. They argue that the present division between social and health services over long-term care is artificial and damaging. It means people in places funded by social services have to contribute towards their care costs, whereas those in places funded by the NHS get free care.

The substitution reactions

The substitution reactions Acknowledgement The preparation of this project on the topic- substitution reactions.: a profile would not have been possible without the valuable contribution of my TEACHERS. I would like to give most specially thanks to my CHE sir Dr. Ashish kumar who is my chemistry teacher to giving me the important guidelines during making this project. So, I hope this project will provide large and sufficient information about the different coordination numbers present in the coordination chemistry. Introduction In substitution reaction, afunctional groupin a particularchemical compoundis replaced by another group[1]. Inorganic chemistry, theelectrophilicandnucleophilicsubstitution reactions are of prime importance. Organic substitution reactions classified in several mainorganic reactiontypes depending on whether thereagentthat brings about the substitution is considered anelectrophileor anucleophile, whether areactive intermediateinvolved in the reaction is acarbocation, acarbanionor afree radicalor whether thesubstrateisaliphaticor aromatic. It also is helpful for optimizing a reaction with regard to variables such as temperature and choice of solvent Substitution reaction : chlorination of methane Nuclophilic reactions: These kind of substitution reactions happen when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means, an atom or molecule with free electrons. Anucleophilereacts with analiphaticsubstrate in anucleophilic aliphatic substitutionreaction. When the substrate is anaromaticcompound the reaction type isnucleophilic aromatic substitution. Carboxylic acidderivatives react with nucleophiles innucleophilic acyl substitution. This kind of reaction can be useful in preparing compounds The Nucleophilic substitutions can be produced by two different mechanisms: Monomolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1): In this case the reaction proceeds in stages, the compounds first dissociate in their ions and then this ions react between them. Its produced by carbocations. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2): In this case the reaction proceeds in only one stage. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group happen simultaneously. Electrophilic reaction Electrophilesare involved inelectrophilic substitutionreactions and particularly inelectrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds thanarenesgenerally lead toelectrophilic additionrather than substitution. Radical substitutions Aradical substitutionreaction involvesradicals The term nucleophile comes from the Greek meaning nucleus loving, in other words nucleophiles seek positive charged centres. Nucleophiles have lone pairs of electrons and may carry a negative charge. There are many examples of nucleophiles, such asNH3,H2O,CN-,HC?C-, andOH-. Alkyl halides contain a halogen (X =F,Cl,BrorI) covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Due to the electronegativity differences between carbon and the halide, theC-Xbond is polar with a partial positive charge (?+) on the carbon atom and a partial negative charge (?-) on the halogen. Halogens are good leaving groups and can be replaced by an incoming nucleophile. Nucleophilic substitution is the reaction of an electron pair donor (the nucleophile, Nu) with an electron pair acceptor (the electrophile). An sp3-hybridized electrophile must have a leaving group (X) in order for the reaction to take place. Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution The term SN2 means that two molecules are involved in the actual transition state: The departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously with the backside attack by the nucleophile. The SN2 reaction thus leads to a predictable configuration of the stereocenter it proceeds with inversion (reversal of the configuration). In the SN1 reaction, a planar carbenium ion is formed first, which then reacts further with the nucleophile. Since the nucleophile is free to attack from either side, this reaction is associated with racemization. In both reactions, the nucleophile competes with the leaving group. Because of this, one must realize what properties a leaving group should have, and what constitutes a good nucleophile. For this reason, it is worthwhile to know which factors will determine whether a reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 pathway. Common examples include Organic reductionswithhydrides, for example R-X?R-HusingLiAlH4 (SN2) hydrolysisreactions such as R-Br + OH-?R-OH+Br-(SN2) or R-Br + H2O ? R-OH +HBr (SN1) Williamson ether synthesis R-Br +OR-?R-OR+ Br- (SN2) Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitutionorEASis anorganic reactionin which an atom, usuallyhydrogen, appended to anaromatic systemis replaced by anelectrophile. The most important reactions of this type that take place arearomatic nitration,aromatic halogenation,aromatic sulfonation, and acylation and alkylatingFriedel-Crafts reactions. Basic reaction Aromatic nitrationsto formnitro compoundstake place by generating a nitronium ion fromnitric acidandsulfuric acid. Aromatic sulfonationofbenzenewith fumingsulfuric acidgives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenationof benzene withbromine,chlorineoriodinegives the corresponding aryl halogen compounds catalyzed by the corresponding iron trihalide. TheFriedel-Crafts reactionexists as anacylationand analkylationwith acyl halides oralkyl halidesas reactants. The catalyst is most typicallyaluminium trichloride, but almost any strongLewis acidcan be used. In Fridel-Crafts acylation, a full measure of aluminium trichloride must be used, as opposed to a catalytic amount. Basic reaction mechanism In the first step of thereaction mechanismfor this reaction, the electron-rich aromatic ring which in the simplest case isbenzeneattacks the electrophileA. This leads to the formation of a positively-charged cyclohexadienylcation, also known as anarenium ion. Thiscarbocationis unstable, owing both to the positive charge on the molecule and to the temporary loss ofaromaticity. However, the cyclohexadienyl cation is partially stabilized byresonance, which allows the positive charge to be distributed over three carbon atoms. In the second stage of the reaction, aLewis baseBdonates electrons to the hydrogen atom at the point of electrophilic attack, and the electrons shared by the hydrogen return to thepisystem, restoring aromaticity. An electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene does not always result in monosubstitution. While electrophilic substituents usually withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring and thus deactivate it against further reaction, a sufficiently strong electrophile can perform a second or even a third substitution. This is especially the case with the use ofcatalysts. Radical Substitution Radicals A radical is a species that contains unpaired electrons. Typically formed by a homolytic bond cleavage as represented by the fishhook curved arrows: RADICAL CHAIN MECHANISM FOR REACTION OF METHANE WITH Br2 Step 1 (Initiation) Heat or uv light cause the weak halogen bond to undergo homolytic cleavage to generate two bromine radicals and starting the chain process. Step 2 (Propagation) A bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen to form HBr and a methyl radical, then The methyl radical abstracts a bromine atom from another molecule of Br2to form the methyl bromide product andanotherbromine radical, which can then itself undergo reaction 2(a) creating a cycle that can repeat. Step 3 (Termination) Various reactions between the possible pairs of radicals allow for the formation of ethane, Br2or the product, methyl bromide. These reactions remove radicals and do not perpetuate the cycle. There are two components to understanding the selectivity of radical halogenations of alkanes: reactivity of R-H system reactivity of X. R-H The strength of the R-H varies slightly depending on whether the H is 1o, 2oor 3o. The following table shows the bond dissociation energy, that is the energy required to break the bond in a homolytic fashion, generating R.and H. Halogen radical, X. Bromine radicals are less reactive than chlorine radicals Br.tends to be more selective in its reactions, and prefers to react with the weaker R-H bonds. The more reactive chlorine radical is less discriminating in what it reacts with. The selectivity of the radical reactions can be predicted mathematically based on a combination of an experimentally determined reactivity factor, Ri, and a statistical factor, nHi. In order to use the equation shown below we need to look at our original alkane and look at each H in turn to see what product it would give if it were to be susbtituted. This is an exercise in recognizing different types of hydrogen, something that will be important later. REFERENCES:- Chang Raymond www.wikepedia.org www.google.com

Abuse of Women in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Es

The Abuse of Women in The Color Purple Alice Walker's The Color Purple is an excellent account of the life of poor black women who must suffer not only social ostracism due to gender and skin color but also women who suffer greatly at the hands of black men.   This is true in terms of infidelity, physical and verbal abuse, and sexual abuse.   The Color Purple revolves around the life of Celie, a young black woman growing up in the poverty-ridden South.   In order to find herself and gain independence, Celie must deal with all manner of abuse, including misogyny, racism and poverty.   When she is a young girl of just 14, Celie is sexually assaulted by a man she believes is her father.   She has two children by her rapist, both of who he takes to a Reverend.   When her mother dies, this man known as "Pa" marries Celie to a man she will only refer to as "Mr. ___."   Verbal and physical abuse is a constant in Celie's life.   The man she married makes her raise his two children from another marriage, despises her, and physically and verbally abuses her.   Celie is continually told she is skinny, ugly, and got nothing.   When Shug first meets Celie she says, "You sure is ugly" (Walker 48).   Celie is miserable with Mr. ___, a man who wanted to marry her sister Nettie.   Nettie comes to see her sister at Mr. ____'s house and tells her before departing, "Don't let them run over you.   You got to let them know who got the upper hand" (Walker 18).   Nettie and Celie both mature throughout the course of the novel, a maturation they keep abreast of through a series of letters exchanged with one another.   Despite the constant abuse visited upon Celie, she matures in the novel and becomes an independent woman.   She is able to do so partly... ...le are abused (as many black men in the South were by whites), they typically turn to abusing others.   This is exactly what we see in the novel and it is only the love, nurturing, and strength of the women that create some kind of socialization, bonding, and an atmosphere of love and security.   Without them there would be no such environment, but rather one existing on hatred, abuse, and sexual assault.   It is easy to see why Walker wrote this book to show that no matter how much unjust abuse one must endure, one can find a way to escape its confines and relearn how to feel and love.   The color purple is what most of the women in this novel are at one point from physical violence of one sort or another, but when it comes to their hearts they remain bright red and full of love.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      WORKS   CITED Walker, A.   The Color Purple.   New York: Pocket Books, 1996.

A Look at Humor, Laughter, Tickling, and the Brain Essay -- Neurology

A Look at Humor, Laughter, Tickling, and the Brain Everybody smiles and laughs at some time or another. The first laughter appears at about 3.5 to 4 months of age (8)., way before we are able to speak. The average adult laughs 17 times a day (4). Even monkeys and apes have some facial expressions that are similar to human smiles. But really, why do we laugh? Why are we not able to tickle ourselves? What part of the brain is responsible for laughter and humor? Why do we say some people have no sense of humor? We never go to the doctor because we feel good or because we think something is funny. Therefore, it is not a clinical problem; that is why there has not been much research done on the topic of laughter and the brain. Although there is considerable information on the neuronal representation of speech, little is known about brain mechanisms of laughter (2). While many researchers have tracked the brain mechanisms of depression, fear and anger, they have ignored positive emotions and have just begun to study humor. Their investigations are shedding some light on how the brain processes humor and prompts laughter. Take this joke for instance: How many Bryn Mawr college students does it take to change a lightbulb? Answer: None, they were all so busy studying that they didn't even notice the light was out. If you found this old joke funny, you will get some activity going on in the brain. Investigations into how humor and laughter influence the brain are leading to a clearer understanding of how positive emotions affect brain mechanisms. This in turn may lead to creative ideas for new therapies for emotion disorders and pain (1). The physiological study of laughter has its own name, "gelotology". Researc... ...Nature Journal http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6668/full/391650a0_fs.html 3)What is so Funny and Why: Laughter and the Brain http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/laugh.html 4)How Laughter Works http://www.howstuffworks.com/laughter.htm 5)Humor on the Brain http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=laughter.htm&url=http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DyeHard/dye990414.html 6)The Heart of Laughter http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=laughter.htm&url=http://www.wm.edu/wmnews/research/laughter.htm 7)Brain may hinder sense of self-tickling http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/health-science/html98/tick_102098.html 8)A Big Mystery: Why do we Laugh? http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3077386/ 9)Scientists Locate Sense of Humor http://abcnews.go.com/sections/living/DailyNews/humor001128.html A Look at Humor, Laughter, Tickling, and the Brain Essay -- Neurology A Look at Humor, Laughter, Tickling, and the Brain Everybody smiles and laughs at some time or another. The first laughter appears at about 3.5 to 4 months of age (8)., way before we are able to speak. The average adult laughs 17 times a day (4). Even monkeys and apes have some facial expressions that are similar to human smiles. But really, why do we laugh? Why are we not able to tickle ourselves? What part of the brain is responsible for laughter and humor? Why do we say some people have no sense of humor? We never go to the doctor because we feel good or because we think something is funny. Therefore, it is not a clinical problem; that is why there has not been much research done on the topic of laughter and the brain. Although there is considerable information on the neuronal representation of speech, little is known about brain mechanisms of laughter (2). While many researchers have tracked the brain mechanisms of depression, fear and anger, they have ignored positive emotions and have just begun to study humor. Their investigations are shedding some light on how the brain processes humor and prompts laughter. Take this joke for instance: How many Bryn Mawr college students does it take to change a lightbulb? Answer: None, they were all so busy studying that they didn't even notice the light was out. If you found this old joke funny, you will get some activity going on in the brain. Investigations into how humor and laughter influence the brain are leading to a clearer understanding of how positive emotions affect brain mechanisms. This in turn may lead to creative ideas for new therapies for emotion disorders and pain (1). The physiological study of laughter has its own name, "gelotology". Researc... ...Nature Journal http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6668/full/391650a0_fs.html 3)What is so Funny and Why: Laughter and the Brain http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/laugh.html 4)How Laughter Works http://www.howstuffworks.com/laughter.htm 5)Humor on the Brain http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=laughter.htm&url=http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DyeHard/dye990414.html 6)The Heart of Laughter http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=laughter.htm&url=http://www.wm.edu/wmnews/research/laughter.htm 7)Brain may hinder sense of self-tickling http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/health-science/html98/tick_102098.html 8)A Big Mystery: Why do we Laugh? http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3077386/ 9)Scientists Locate Sense of Humor http://abcnews.go.com/sections/living/DailyNews/humor001128.html

The Sexual harassment Issue

Sexual harassment is an issue that grabbed all of America when we saw Anita Hill accuse then Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of harassing her while she worked in his office. It has been years since that incident brought question of what constitutes sexual harassment to the forefront of legal and business attention. During those years thousands of cases have weaved their way through our court system helping to clear the issue and make it something more easily understood. The business world now has more specific guidelines on how to recognize harassment and how to handle its various forms. Although there are still plenty of gray areas regarding the issue people are now more informed on how to avoid potential problems and how to deal with them if they do arise. This is all well and good but is the workplace the only environment where sexual harassment rears its ugly face? The answer to that question is rather simple. No. One major area where people are still trying work through the issue of harassment is the institute of higher education. Some might say that harassment in our colleges and universities may be handled similarly to they way we handle the problem in the business world and that viewpoint has allies in very high places such as the Supreme Court. In Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education the Supreme Court was faced with deciding whether a school could be held liable for a 10 year old boy making sexual statements and advances to one of his female classmates. The result of this case sent shockwaves through not only elementary schools but also any educational institution receiving federal funding. Justice Sandra Day O†Connor delivered the majority opinion for the court which â€Å"held that the school would be liable for student-on-student sexual harassment if it acted with deliberate indifference to known acts of harassment in its programs or activities provided that the harassment is so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it effectively bars the victim†s access to an educational opportunity or benefit â€Å"(Coulter, 1999)†. Now you ask what does that mean and how would this institute affect higher education. The answer is that the opinion applies the hostile-environment paradigm of sexual harassment, (which arose in reference to the workplace) to any school system financially assisted by the federal government. The concept of the hostile-environment concept if applied to higher education must be used with extreme caution. Approximately 90% of the hostile-environment sexual harassment claims are not based on physical contact but on language â€Å"(Coulter, 1999)†. The ways in which language is used in academia differs greatly from the workplace. Due to the application of the hostile-environment paradigm students and instructors alike must speak very carefully and avoid certain controversial issues that were once openly discussed. The classroom experience may suffer greatly if what was once looked upon as First Amendment-protected speech is now viewed as sexual harassment. Because of O†Connor†s ruling schools must silence students and teachers who might contribute to a hostile learning environment or risk a rather pricey lawsuit â€Å"(Coulter, 1999)†. Since its beginning academia was a place where possibly offensive conversation could be used in order to increase a students understanding and assist in the quest for knowledge although now that quest has strict rules. Recently the Education Departments Office for Civil Rights (OCR) clarified how colleges should define sexual harassment and they followed the course set by Justice O†Connor. Applied through a federal law known as Title IX the OCR defined two types of sexual harassment. The first is known as quid pro quo and it occurs when a school employee threatens to base an educational decision such as a grade on a student†s submission to unwelcome sexual behavior. According to the OCR†s guidance a school is liable for even one instance of quid pro quo harassment â€Å"(Chmielewski, 1997)†. The second type of harassment is the hostile-environment situation described above and their definition mirrors the one delivered by Justice O†Connor. What exactly does all of this mean for college professors and their students? Ramdas Lamb a professor of religion at the University of Hawaii knows all to well the dilemma currently facing our educational institutions. Lamb taught â€Å"Religion, Politics, and Society† a course he designed to meet the student†s desire for relevance â€Å"(Thernstrom, 1999)†. Lamb wanted a course where passionate debate could aid the students to learn and on the first day of class he warned the students that every topic would be covered from all viewpoints and if one particular opinion was not represented that he would play devils advocate and represent it â€Å"(Thernstrom, 1999)†. After his warning three students left the class and Lamb felt confident about the remainder. A student by the name of Michelle Gretzinger was enrolled in the class and had a friendly history with Lamb. She was actively involved in the class but after a disagreement with Lamb during a debate over sexual harassment she became withdrawn and refused to participate in class. Gretzinger received a C in the class based on a lack of participation since that was a large part of the graded criteria. After the semester was over she filed a sexual harassment complaint alleging both of the above types of sexual harassment. Eventually Lamb was cleared of the charges and won a countersuit for defamation, although Gretzinger refuses to pay any of the $132,000 ordered by the court. Although vindicated Lamb is still deeply troubled by the harsh allegations made by Gretzinger. This situation displays just how serious sexual harassment allegations are and just how out of place the current standards are in the realm of higher education. In conclusion sexual harassment cannot be handled in academia as it is in the workplace. Victims need to be protected and no complaint should be taken lightly but the standards must reflect the environment they are applied to. Quid pro quo harassment standards can be the same across the board but what constitutes a hostile-environment in the workplace is extremely different than a hostile-environment in academia. By the nature of college courses the restrictions on free speech must be less stringent than they are in the traditional workplace. In order to aid in the learning process students and teachers alike must be permitted to use unpopular and even sometimes offensive speech. If we continue to apply the same standards to the academic world as we do in the business world the country will suffer. These sometimes-unpopular discussions lead to a better understanding of those whose opinions differ from our own. If the flow of discussion is restricted too much some issues may never be discussed leading to a lack of understanding between women and men. Any issue of a somewhat sexual nature may become taboo in the college classroom. If this happens it could compound the problems we currently have with sexual harassment could be compounded and society as a whole may suffer grave consequences.

Call Center Sample Sheet

Call Center and Online Advertising Offer Sheet Needed: Seeking Experienced Centers for the following offers: Reverse Mortgage – $12 per call and PayChex (B2B) $18 per call. If you can do these offers let us know and we’ll set the offers up on our network. Service Majic: WE ARE LOOKING FOR CALLERS INTERESTED IN BEING MATCHED UP WITH A HOME IMPROVEMENT CONTRACTOR. Various home repair areas of interest. Let us know if you have experience in this vertical. The Scooter Store: Live call transfer, pay per call campaign. The leading provider of power chairs and scooters for people with limited mobility, with a strong tradition of customer service.Payout: $12 per lead, 2 minute min call (120 seconds). Live Campaigns ready to go: The Scooter Store: Live call transfer, pay per call campaign. The leading provider of power chairs and scooters for people with limited mobility, with a strong tradition of customer service. Payout: $12 per lead, 2 minute min call (120 seconds). RateChec ker. com: Mortgage Refinance campaign. Exclusive Leads Only. Online Form: $15 per lead 24/7 operation, USA target, Refinance loan over $100,000. Good credit or better LTV less than 90% . Call Center (ftp voice files) or Web Traffic Leads Accepted.No Incentives No coregs Leads cannot be sold to other entities. Loan Modification Live Call Transfer Campaign: $15 per lead if call is longer than 1 min 30 seconds. Target: USA Hours: Mon-Fri: 9am to 9pm EST. Quicken Loans: Call transfer campaign. 24/7 operation, USA target. WE ARE LOOKING FOR CALLERS INTERESTED IN REFINANCE, HOME EQUITY OR HOME PURCHASE LOANS, WITH GOOD TO EXCELLENT CREDIT – MINIMUM CREDIT SCORE OF 620+. Payouts: Customer must be on the phone with Quicken Loans for at least 90 seconds. $11. 00 per call if duration > 1 min 30 sec.Note: There is no IVR, you are doing a live transfer to Quicken Loans. Payments are monthly net 20. 100DayLoans Pay Per Call Campaign: Live call transfer campaign. It's that easy! We search more banks, Financial Companies, and Payday Lenders for the highest loan amounts and the lowest interest rates available. Our automated system can search over 122 Credit Loan providers to lend you the funds you need. Payout: $5. 00 per call if connect_duration ; 90 sec. Hours: Mon-Fri: 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (Arizona Time) Auto Insurance Quote: Fill out online form at StartAutoLoan. om: This car insurance quote campaign is pure lead gen. Call Center to make outbound call and get customer on the phone. Customer must be interested in getting free car insurance quotes from multiple companies that will compete for the business. Record calls for quality assurance and fill out the quick form online†¦. $4 per lead. Payments are Monthly, net 20. Auto Warranty Expired pay per call offer: Avoid Unnecessary Auto Costs! Is your manufacturers auto warranty about to expire or expired? Is Your Car Under 10 Years Old with Less than 100k Miles? CALL NOW to Get an Extended Auto Protection Plan!Payou t: $10. 00 per call if in_region and during_hours and connect_duration ; 1 min 30 sec. Devry University: pay per call campaign: Get customer on the phone and give them the 800# to call. Customer must call the 800# themselves†¦. this is not a live transfer, customer must dial the 800#. Payout: $15 per lead where customer is on the phone with Devry for at least 2 min (120 seconds) or more. Payments are monthly net 20. Hours: Mon-Fri 😠   Ã‚  8:00 am to 9:00 pm| (all times Central)| CollegeandTuition. com Education Call Transfer: Campaign 1 (Feb 20 Launch date): EDU live call transfer campaign.Get paid $15-$20 per lead. Each student could be submitted up to 4 schools so you get paid each time their information is submitted to a school. Overall you should average 1. 5-1. 8 schools per lead. Call center to get customer on the phone and prequalify they have graduated high school. Payments are monthly net 30 Campaign 2: EDU live call transfer. Interested in Continuing Your Edu cation to Further Your Career, Get a Promotion, or Maybe Even Change Your Profession? Get a Free Education Counseling Session to Quickly Help You Find the Best School for Your Studies and Financial Situation.All online and Campus based schools, very large portfolio of schools for leads. Payout: $7. 00 per call if in_region and during_hours and duration ; 45 sec Target: USA, Calling Hours: Mon-Fri: 9:00 am to 8:00 pm, Sat:10:00 am-5:00 pm, (all times Eastern) Campaign 3: EDU live call transfer. If You're A High School Graduate and are Looking for a Better Paying Job, Getting Your College Degree will Help Increase Your Earning Potential. Our inbound transfers are focused on the following degrees and programs: business, criminal justice, IT, health administration (not Nursing), and medical billing. Online and Campus. Target: USA Payout: $9. 00 per call if connect_duration > 1 min. Hours: Mon-Fri : 8:00 am to 8:00 pm, Sat : 9:00 am to 2:00 pm (all times Mountain) Lawsuit Cash Advance Ca mpaign: People who are involved in a lawsuit but have not settled lawsuit. Great for subprime data. Get 5% of cash advance loan amount. Most loans are $2,000 to $5,000 and get funded within 72 hours. Paid weekly. Direct TV campaign: Outbound call then Live Call transfer to Direct TV, 24/7 operation. Base: $1. 00 per call if in_region and pressed[1] and connect_duration > 3 min Bonus: $6. 00 per call if connect_duration > 15 minBonus: $7. 00 per call if connect_duration > 20 min DIRECTV packages start at $29. 99/month for 12 months and a Free Whole Home Upgrade with a two year agreement. Free HD (requires choice Xtra package or above and auto bill pay. ) DIRECTV delivers satellite-based television and broadband services to over 18 million US customers in homes and businesses. With our electronic program guide, digital video recorder (DVR) services, interactive features, HD programming and quality customer service, DIRECTV continues to offer consumers a superior alternative to cable a nd a superior offering for affiliate partners.DIRECTV subscribers enjoy access to over 285 channels of 100% digital picture and sound, exclusive programming and the most comprehensive collection of sports programming available anywhere, including NFL SUNDAY TICKETâ„ ¢ To-Go and MLB EXTRA INNINGS ®. Payments are monthly net 20. DISH Network Campaign: Live call transfers. $7 per call if over 2 minutes. Take advantage of the best value in entertainment with DISH Network from DISH 2 U! Reach your customer base with all the latest promotions, including: FREE Movie Channels FREE Multi-Sport Pack Featuring Red Zone Blockbuster Movies IncludedFREE HD for Life FREE DVR FREE Installation up to 6 Rooms Switch to DISH Network and Save Over $800! With packages starting as low as $19. 99/mo and next day installs available, there is something for everyone from DISH Network! Payments are monthly net 20. www. iCheckLoan. com: payday loan outbound campaign, rev-share 70% to the call center. Get customer on the phone, give customer a pin number and have the customer go to iCheckLoan. com to complete the loan application. Payments are weekly net 7. www. 2500CreditLine. com: Get paid $10 per sign up. No credit checks and No turndowns.Payments are weekly net 7. Customer get a $2,500 shopping line of credit and a Dollar for Dollar Rewards Prepaid MasterCard. If customer put $100 on their MasterCard, they will get another $100 put on the card = $200!!! The instant credit line costs the customer $99. 95 one-time sign up fee. Credit line has 0% interest, no APR, no finance charges or late fees. Debt Settlement Campaign: No Up Front Fees to Customers. Inbound campaign†¦yes inbound campaign. Experienced Debt Settlement call centers only. Take our inbound live calls where customer is on phone and wants more info on Debt Settlement services.Get customer to eSign contract. $100 payout per customer who’s first payment clears. Commissions Paid Weekly. Psychic Live Reading Cam paign: $20 per sign up. Target is all English and Spanish speaking countries. Call center get customer on the phone and fill out form online. Customer then must check their email to confirm registration and minimum payment of $27. 99 to join. Payments are monthly net 30. Credit Repair: Call Transfer Campaign: customers have $10,000 or less in Debt, not considering Bankruptcy, typically have been declined for some type of loan recently.Payments are Monthly. Mon-Fri : 6:00 am to 10:00 pm Sat : 7:00 am to 2:00 pm (all times Mountain) Base: $3. 00 per call if duration >= 10 min and during_hours and in_region Bonus: $6. 00 per call if duration > 20 min and during_hours Bonus: $50. 00 per call if = â€Å"Funded Sale† Payments are monthly net 20 TheLawyerDirectory. com – Free Legal Case Review – $10 per lead for Bankruptcy, Divorce, DUI/DWI, Criminal Defense. $20 per lead for Personal Injury. Fill out forms online. Payments are monthly, net 20. The Car Donation Pay Per Call Affiliate Program: Base: $10. 0 per call if during_hours and in_region and connect_duration > 2 min and pressed[1] Bonus: $10. 00 per call if during_hours and in_region and connect_duration > 4 min and pressed[1] Bonus: $10. 00 per call if during_hours and in_region and connect_duration > 6 min and pressed[1] Call Transfer Hours: Mon-Fri: 8:00 am to 6:00 pm (all times Eastern) Target Regions: All US A car donation is one of the most effective ways to get the most value out of your old or disused vehicles. At Car Donations Charity we can help you maximize your tax deduction and make sure your car does the most good.The process is simple and convenient, and we will help you through every step of the process, from the pickup to the delivery of the tax deductible receipt. It’s never been easier to donate your car to a charitable organization. Payments are monthly net 20 Health Insurance Pay Per Call Campaign: Outbound call then live transfer. Let us find you the right insur ance plan. We are able to find the best rates from Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Humana,   Aetna and other insurance providers. Payout: Base: $3. 00 per call if during_hours and in_region and connect_duration > 1 min 30 sec, Bonus: $15. 0 per call if connect_duration > 5 min 30 sec. Target Regions: California, Colorado, Nevada Hours: Mon-Fri: 9:00 am to 5:00 pm pst. California Home Insurance Pay per call: Let us find you the right home insurance plan. We are able to find the best rates from Mercury, Progressive, Safeco, Travelers, and other insurance providers. We are taking calls from California residents looking for homeowner's insurance. Payout: $10. 00 per call if connect_duration ; 2 min and during_hours Hours: Mon-Fri: 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (all times Pacific)Target Regions: California Canda Life Insurance PayPer call: Call now to receive your free, no obligation, no medical exam life insurance quote! LSM Insurance is Canada’s leading provider of no medical life insurance. We have been in business over 18 years and work with the largest insurance carriers in Canada including Manulife Financial, Canada Life, RBC Insurance and BMO Insurance. Payout: $5. 00 per call if in_region and during_hours and connect_duration ; 1 min and pressed [ 1] Target Region: Canada Debt Collection Harassment Phone Verified Leads:Call center will fill out form online and submit leads during hours of operation listed. Payout: $5 per lead USA Residents Offers Coming Soon RateChecker. com: Complete Free Quote Portal offering all types of loans, insurance, and other types of financial information. Pure Lead Gen campaigns for online, offline and call centers. DiabeticCareTaker. com – Diabetic Medicare Lead Gen Campaign: Auto Warranty: Lead gen live call transfer. Call center makes outbound calls to potential customers who want to extend their auto warranty that is expiring or will expire soon.Payments are twice a month. Home Security Campaign – Lead gen live call t ransfer campaign where people are interested in getting a Free home security system installed. Customer only pays monthly fee, the equipment is free. Payments are once a month. Don’t see something you already have data for Please let me know 1. What campaigns you are interested in 2. I have the scripts and guidelines to assist with each program. 3. Send your company info as well for an Insertion order. Thank you, Scott Thompson, CEO Astoria Company, LLC. [email  protected] com Skype: affiliatescott